Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: General systems theory, developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, explores how wholes and their parts interact, describing the function and behavior of components within a system. In nursing, it views the client as a system body, mind, and spirit interacting with environments like family or healthcare settings, emphasizing interdependence. Nursing theory broadly aims to explain and predict care outcomes, not specifically parts-whole dynamics. Adaptation theory, per Roy, focuses on adjusting to stimuli, while developmental theory tracks growth stages, neither prioritizing systemic relationships. General systems theory's holistic lens aids nurses in understanding how a client's physical decline affects emotional health or how family dynamics influence recovery. Its interdisciplinary roots make it versatile, guiding comprehensive care plans that address interconnected factors, enhancing nursing's ability to manage complex client needs effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Intellectual needs in long-term care involve cognition and learning, shaping health responses. Educating a diabetic client on foot care meets this, enhancing understanding of self-management e.g., preventing ulcers tied to past experiences and education level. Showing a video on modified activities engages residents, teaching adaptive skills like chair exercises, boosting cognitive engagement. Shutting a cafeteria addresses safety, not intellect. Referring for grief targets emotional needs, not cognitive. These actions foot care, video stimulate thinking and problem-solving, key for older adults' autonomy and health behaviors, aligning with nursing's holistic aim to nurture intellectual vitality alongside physical care in chronic settings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tertiary prevention optimizes chronic illness outcomes, vital in rural areas with care gaps. The COPD client in pulmonary rehab benefits most rehab post-diagnosis boosts lung capacity and endurance via tailored exercises, cutting exacerbations, a nursing-led strategy. The hypertensive client needs primary or secondary focus med adherence or screening not tertiary yet. The diabetic's foot checks are tertiary but self-managed, less intensive. The arthritis client's exercise class is tertiary too, but rehab's structured, multi-faceted approach (breathing techniques, education) outshines general exercise for impact studies show it slashes hospital stays. Nursing's role here maximizes function despite isolation, ensuring this client thrives, aligning with tertiary care's depth for complex chronicity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: An irregular heart rate (B) during suctioning signals a complication, possibly arrhythmia from hypoxia or vagal stimulation. Other options are normal or benign. Rationale: Suctioning can disrupt oxygenation, triggering cardiac instability, requiring immediate cessation and monitoring.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Chest x-ray (D) is the final, definitive measure to confirm ETT placement. Hyperoxygenation (A) is preparatory. Breath sounds (C) are initial checks. Taping (B) follows confirmation. D is correct. Rationale: X-ray ensures the tube is above the carina, preventing misplacement, per intubation standards.