Which system effect of pneumonia should the nurse monitor?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Cyanosis (A) is a critical system effect of pneumonia the nurse must monitor, indicating hypoxemia from impaired gas exchange (SpOâ‚‚ <90%). Excess mucus production (B) is a local airway response, not a systemic effect. Shortness of breath (C) is a symptom, not a direct systemic sign, though related to hypoxia. Hemoptysis (D) is less common unless necrotizing (e.g., Klebsiella). Pneumonia's alveolar inflammation and exudate reduce oxygenation, risking cyanosis blue lips/nails signal urgent intervention (e.g., Oâ‚‚ therapy). The document's answer (A) reflects this priority systemic hypoxia trumps B's local effect or D's rarity in standard cases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The human respiratory system includes the trachea, diaphragm, and lungs, all integral to breathing. The trachea, or windpipe, channels air to the lungs, lined with cilia to filter debris. The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle, contracts to expand the chest, driving inhalation its relaxation aids exhalation. The lungs house alveoli for gas exchange, the system's endpoint. Each part contributes: trachea as conduit, diaphragm as pump, lungs as exchange site. Excluding any would overlook their coordinated role in oxygenating blood and expelling CO2, a holistic view essential for understanding respiration's mechanics and clinical interventions like ventilatory support.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nasal chambers act as an air conditioner, warming, humidifying, and filtering air before it reaches the lungs. Their mucous membranes and turbinates increase surface area, trapping dust and moistening dry air via blood vessel heat, optimizing it for alveolar exchange. The larynx directs air and protects the airway, not conditioning it. The pharynx conducts air but lacks significant conditioning features. 'All' is incorrect nasal chambers alone perform this role. This preconditioning prevents lung irritation, a primary respiratory defense, key in understanding upper airway function and conditions like rhinitis affecting air quality.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The epicardium, the heart wall's outer layer (visceral pericardium), comprises mesothelium (a simple squamous epithelium) and underlying connective tissue, providing a smooth, protective surface with coronary vessels. The myocardium is cardiac muscle, driving contraction, not mesothelium-based. The endocardium, the inner lining, is endothelium and connective tissue but distinct from the outer epicardium. The fibrous pericardium is dense connective tissue, lacking mesothelium. The epicardium's structure reduces friction with the pericardial sac and supports vascular supply, a key layer in heart anatomy, critical in conditions like epicarditis affecting this surface.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood, received from systemic veins (vena cavae) into the atrium, then pumped via the ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium and ventricle hold oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins, destined for the body. 'Left atrium only' or 'right ventricle only' ignores paired chamber roles. This right-side deoxygenation reflects the heart's dual circulation systemic and pulmonary a fundamental division ensuring oxygen delivery, critical in understanding cardiac flow and congenital defects mixing these streams.