Which statement regarding gas exchange in the lungs is INCORRECT?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: nitrous oxide (N₂O) is perfusion-limited, not diffusion-limited its high solubility allows rapid equilibration (≈0.1 s) with pulmonary blood flow. Choice A is true; gases diffuse per Fick's law. ' DₗCO₂ ≈ 20x DₗO₂ (600 vs. 25 mL/min/mmHg) due to solubility. Choice D is accurate; CO, diffusion-limited, doesn't equilibrate in 0.75 s (high Hb affinity). Choice E (O₂ perfusion-limited) is true at rest. N₂O's uptake depends on flow, not diffusion barrier, making C the false statement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For 65-year-old Harold Jackson, the nurse teaches that the injectable flu vaccine might be less effective due to age-related immune decline, increasing his risk a key point to encourage vaccination despite this. Past influenza A (2009) doesn't guarantee immunity strains change yearly, and antibodies wane, so prior infection isn't protective now. The intranasal spray, a live vaccine, is contraindicated for those over 50 due to safety and efficacy concerns. Living at home versus a facility lowers exposure but not inherent risk flu circulates everywhere. The nurse emphasizes vaccination's role, even if less potent in seniors, as it still reduces severity and complications like pneumonia, critical for his age group, aligning with CDC recommendations for annual shots to mitigate flu's impact on older adults.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a client with influenza, the nurse recommends resting in bed and drinking plenty of fluids to speed recovery. Rest conserves energy, letting the immune system combat the virus efficiently, while fluids prevent dehydration from fever and thin mucus, easing airway clearance core self-care for this viral illness. Acetaminophen reduces fever and aches, improving comfort but not hastening recovery itself. Antibiotics treat bacteria, not viruses, so they're irrelevant unless a secondary infection emerges, needing medical assessment. Zinc lozenges lack robust evidence for shortening flu duration and aren't standard care. The nurse prioritizes rest and hydration as proven, accessible measures, per CDC guidelines, supporting the body's natural healing without unnecessary drugs, ensuring the client recovers optimally from uncomplicated flu.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Long-standing pulmonary edema causes brown induration (B), but it predisposes to infection, not protects, due to hemosiderin-laden macrophages (Page 715). Choice A is false; microvascular injury (e.g., ARDS) damages capillaries, not hydrostatic pressure (that's heart failure). Choice C is incorrect; left heart failure increases capillary hydrostatic pressure, not plasma oncotic pressure (which reduces edema). Choice D is wrong; pneumonia's edema is localized, and death stems from sepsis/infection, not diffuse edema. Brown induration reflects chronic hemorrhage, impairing clearance and increasing infection risk (e.g., pneumonia), making B's 'protective' claim false while aligning with its morphological outcome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is most frequent in middle-aged men (D), with 90% being smokers'. Choice A is false; infection maintains, not develops, disease (smoking initiates). Choice B is incorrect; emphysema, not bronchiolitis, dominates with obstruction. Choice C is wrong; goblet cell overactivity is metaplastic, not dysplastic (protective, not precancerous). Choice E (none true) is invalid. Page 722 notes D's demographic men's higher smoking rates historically sustain prevalence, contrasting with A's infection focus or C's terminology error.