Which statement by a patient demonstrates an accurate understanding about herbal supplements?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Herbal supplements lack standardization in the U.S. (D), as the FDA classifies them as dietary supplements, not drugs, leading to variable potency and quality. Herbs can interact with medications and other herbs (A), most aren't rigorously tested (B), and FDA regulation is minimal (C), making D the accurate understanding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prostaglandins, dopamine, and bradykinin dilate vessels (A), ADH, angiotensin II, and epinephrine constrict (B), and the balance with cardiac factors regulates BP (C). All are true—vasodilators lower resistance, vasoconstrictors raise it, and these with heart output set BP—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The kidneys filter ~180 liters of glomerular filtrate daily (B) in adults, based on a GFR of 125 mL/min (180 L/day), far exceeding urine output due to reabsorption. 1,000 L (A) is excessive, 110 L (C) underestimates, and 7.5 L (D) is too low, making B the correct physiological value.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High ADH increases collecting duct permeability to water (C) via aquaporin-2, concentrating urine. They remain impermeable to water without ADH (A), proteins (B) are not filtered, and sodium/chloride (D) are regulated elsewhere, making C the effect of ADH.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Interlobar veins collect blood from arcuate veins and drain into the renal vein (A), a true venous pathway in kidney anatomy. False (B) would deny this standard flow, making A the correct statement.