Which show sustained activity with lung inflation?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: pulmonary stretch receptors (airway smooth muscle) show sustained firing during lung inflation (Hering-Breuer reflex), inhibiting inspiration. Choice A (central) senses chemical changes, not volume. Choice B (carotid) and C (aortic) monitor blood gases. Slow-adapting stretch receptors signal via vagus, prolonging activity with sustained volume, unlike rapidly adapting receptors, making D the match.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: long-term 100% O₂ therapy damages Type II pneumocytes, reducing surfactant, not increasing it (O₂ toxicity). Choice A is true; surfactant is ≈90% phospholipids (e.g., DPPC). ' hydrophobic tails face the lumen, hydrophilic heads face the cell, reducing tension. Choice D is accurate; smoking impairs surfactant via oxidative stress. Choice E (edema from absence) is true. Surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension (P = 2T/R), stabilizing lungs, but hyperoxia disrupts production, contradicting B's claim of increase, making it the false statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: inspiratory capacity (IC = TV + IRV) is ≈3300 mL (500 + 2800), but the question implies a mismatch standard male IC is ≈3600 mL (TV + IRV ≈ 3.1 L), suggesting 3300 is low. Choice A (500 mL) is true. Choice B (1200 mL) fits RV. Choice C (1000 mL) matches ERV. Choice E (VC = 4800 mL) is correct (ERV + TV + IRV). For a 70 kg male, IC aligns closer to 3.5-3.6 L, making D's 3300 mL the error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Influenza poses greater risks to individuals with compromised immune systems, chronic illnesses, or developmental vulnerabilities. The grandmother with COPD faces heightened risk due to her chronic respiratory condition, which impairs lung function and makes flu complications like pneumonia more likely. The father with HIV has a weakened immune system, increasing susceptibility to severe flu outcomes. The newborn baby girl, with an immature immune system, is also at high risk, as infants under six months cannot receive the flu vaccine and struggle to fight infections. The mother with anemia, while possibly fatigued, does not have a condition that inherently heightens flu complication risks to the same degree. The 8-year-old boy, assuming no chronic conditions, is less vulnerable. The nurse must identify those most likely to suffer severe outcomes here, the grandmother, father, and newborn based on their health status and age-related vulnerabilities, ensuring they receive prioritized care and monitoring.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Asking if the infant is having trouble breathing best determines acuity because respiratory distress in a 6-month-old with flu-like symptoms signals a potentially life-threatening condition, like bronchiolitis or pneumonia, requiring immediate evaluation. Infants have small airways and immature lungs, making breathing difficulty a red flag symptoms like rapid breathing or grunting indicate severity. Temperature matters, but fever alone doesn't assess urgency as precisely. Nasal drainage is common in flu but not inherently acute. Symptom onset helps timeline illness but doesn't pinpoint critical status. The nurse prioritizes breathing difficulty because, in infants under six months (too young for flu shots), respiratory compromise is a leading cause of flu-related hospitalization, guiding the parent to seek care if this symptom is present, ensuring timely intervention for the vulnerable child.