Which responds quickly to chemicals injected into the pulmonary circulation?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: J (juxtacapillary) receptors in alveolar walls respond rapidly to pulmonary capillary chemicals (e.g., edema, emboli), causing dyspnea. Choice A (central) senses CSF pH, not pulmonary blood. Choice B (carotid) and C (aortic) monitor systemic arterial changes. Choice D (stretch receptors) responds to lung inflation. J receptors, vagally innervated, detect interstitial changes instantly, unlike systemic chemoreceptors, making F the precise match.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: HbS shifts the O₂ curve right (lower affinity, P₅₀ up), not left, due to altered structure (valine for glutamic acid). Choice B is true (Bohr effect). Choice C is correct (CO affinity ≈240x O₂). Choice D is accurate; COHb left-shifts remaining Hb's curve. HbS's sickling enhances O₂ unloading, contradicting A's left shift, making it false.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: E. coli endotoxin causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (e.g., sepsis-induced hypertension), not venodilatation. Choice A is true; apex perfusion is lower (gravity). ' flow rises 3-6x (5 to 15-30 L/min). Choice D is accurate; resistance increases at low volumes (vessel collapse). Choice E (Zone 2) is true. Endotoxin triggers thromboxane/prostaglandins, constricting vessels, contradicting B's dilation, making it the error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: exercise does not increase PaCO₂ it remains ≈40 mmHg as ventilation matches CO₂ production (e.g., 0.2 to 4 L/min). Choice B is true; PAO₂ rises slightly (e.g., 100 to 110 mmHg) with hyperventilation. ' PaCO₂ stays stable. Choice D is accurate; PaO₂ holds at ≈95-100 mmHg in healthy lungs. Choice E (increased PvCO₂) is true (e.g., 46 to 50 mmHg). Exercise boosts V̇E (e.g., 6 to 120 L/min), preventing PaCO₂ rise, making A the exception in normal physiology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pneumonia secondary to influenza often leads to ineffective breathing patterns due to lung inflammation, mucus buildup, and impaired gas exchange, making it a primary nursing diagnosis. The client may experience shortness of breath or rapid, shallow breathing as the body struggles to oxygenate properly, a direct result of flu-related respiratory complications. Disturbed sleep pattern is plausible, as coughing and discomfort disrupt rest, supporting recovery challenges. Self-care deficit: bathing could apply if fatigue or weakness prevents personal hygiene, common in severe illness. Chronic pain, however, implies a long-term condition unrelated to acute pneumonia or flu, which typically cause temporary discomfort like myalgia or pleuritic pain. The nurse prioritizes ineffective breathing pattern because it addresses the life-threatening respiratory impact of pneumonia, requiring interventions like oxygen therapy or positioning. This diagnosis aligns with the clinical presentation of flu complications, guiding care to stabilize the client's respiratory status and prevent further deterioration.