Which respond to mechanical and chemical stimulation?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: nose and upper airway receptors respond to mechanical (e.g., flow) and chemical (e.g., irritants) stimuli, triggering sneeze/cough. Choice A (central) is pH-based. Choice B (carotid) and C (aortic) sense blood gases. Choice D (stretch) is mechanical only. Trigeminal/vagal innervation in upper airways detects both types, distinguishing G as the match.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: the basal ganglia regulate movement, not ventilation directly. Choice A (peripheral chemoreceptors) senses POâ‚‚/PCOâ‚‚/pH, driving breathing. Choice B (stretch receptors) modulates via Hering-Breuer reflex. Choice D (pons) refines rhythm (pneumotaxic center). Choice E (muscles) executes. The medulla (not listed) is primary, with pons and receptors integrating, but basal ganglia's role in motor disorders (e.g., Parkinson's) doesn't extend to respiratory control, making C the outsider.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: adrenaline (epinephrine) passes through the lung largely unchanged, unlike other substances. Choice A (prostaglandins, e.g., PGEâ‚‚) is inactivated by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Choice B (noradrenaline) is partially removed (less than serotonin). Choice C (acetylcholine) is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase. Choice E (bradykinin) is inactivated by ACE. The lung's metabolic role clears peptides, amines, and lipids, but catecholamines like adrenaline resist significant uptake or breakdown, maintaining systemic effects (e.g., fight-or-flight), making D the exception.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The annual influenza vaccine is the most effective health promotion activity for preventing influenza and its complication, pneumonia, especially in senior citizens who are at higher risk due to age-related immune decline. The vaccine primes the immune system to recognize and fight specific flu strains, reducing infection risk by up to 60% when well-matched, and lowering severity if infected. Hand washing reduces transmission but doesn't provide direct immunity. Avoiding crowds limits exposure but isn't as proactive or reliable as vaccination. Exercise boosts general health but lacks the specific protective effect of the vaccine against flu viruses. For seniors, who face increased morbidity from flu and pneumonia, the nurse's focus on vaccination aligns with public health priorities, offering a targeted, evidence-based strategy to prevent these respiratory illnesses and their potentially fatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a middle-aged client with flu symptoms, the nurse suggests nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and acetaminophen as over-the-counter options. NSAIDs like ibuprofen reduce fever, pain, and inflammation from flu-related myalgia. Acetaminophen lowers fever and relieves aches, a staple for symptom relief. Aspirin, while effective for fever and pain, carries risks (e.g., stomach irritation), but remains an option for adults without contraindications. Antivirals like oseltamivir require prescriptions, not OTC, ruling them out. Antiemetics might help nausea but aren't core flu treatments. The nurse recommends these based on their accessibility and efficacy for fever, aches, and discomfort common flu complaints advising proper dosing and caution (e.g., aspirin's Reye's risk if misused). This empowers the client to manage symptoms safely at home, aligning with self-care goals for uncomplicated flu.