Which rapidly adapting receptors lie between airway epithelial cells?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: irritant receptors, between epithelial cells, adapt rapidly to mechanical/chemical stimuli (e.g., dust, smoke), triggering cough/bronchoconstriction. Choice A (central) is chemical, not airway-based. Choice B (carotid) and C (aortic) are vascular. Choice D (stretch) adapts slowly. Irritant receptors, vagally mediated, protect airways with quick responses, distinguishing E as the correct type.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: increased carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) shifts the curve left, not right, by enhancing Hb-O₂ affinity (CO binds 240x stronger). Choice A (temperature), B (PCO₂), and C (H⁺) shift it right via the Bohr effect, aiding O₂ unloading (P₅₀ up, e.g., 26 to 30 mmHg). Choice D (DPG) also shifts right. COHb reduces available Hb, left-shifting the curve for remaining O₂, impairing tissue delivery (e.g., in poisoning), opposite to exercise adaptations. E's distinct effect makes it the exception.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: arterial blood carries only ≈5-7% of CO₂ in dissolved form (≈0.3 mL/100 mL at PaCO₂ 40 mmHg), not 20% total CO₂ is ≈48-50 mL/100 mL, mostly as HCO₃⁻ (70-80%) and carbamino compounds (10-20%). Choice A is true; O₂ solubility (0.003 mL/mmHg/100 mL) is ≈20x less than CO₂ (0.06). ' deoxygenation enhances CO₂ binding (Haldane effect) via deoxy-Hb's higher affinity. Choice D is plausible; venous hematocrit may rise slightly due to plasma shifts, though minimal in normals. Dissolved CO₂ contributes a small fraction, and C's overestimate contradicts standard physiology (e.g., 20% would imply 10 mL/100 mL, far exceeding solubility), making it the false statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Shallow respirations in an older client with flu suggest difficulty oxygenating effectively, often due to mucus buildup or fatigue. Elevating the head of the bed helps by using gravity to open the airways, reducing pressure on the diaphragm and improving lung expansion, which is especially beneficial for older adults with weakened respiratory muscles. A humidifier adds moisture to the air, loosening mucus and easing breathing, which is critical when flu causes thick secretions. Antipyretics reduce fever but don't directly address shallow breathing, though fever management supports overall comfort. Analgesics might relieve pain but not respiratory effort. A face mask could worsen breathing by restricting airflow unless oxygen is medically indicated. The nurse's advice focuses on non-invasive, practical measures to enhance airflow and comfort, tailored to the client's age and flu-related respiratory challenges, ensuring better oxygenation and reduced strain.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a client post-chemotherapy and radiation, the nurse advises that those with weakened immune systems, like her, are more susceptible to infections and severe flu outcomes, making vaccination wise with the inactivated shot, not the live nasal spray. Chemotherapy suppresses immunity, increasing flu risk even months later, and the inactivated vaccine safely boosts protection without infection risk. Saying the vaccine causes flu is false it's inactivated, not live, in the shot form recommended here. Influenza is indeed modifiable vaccination lowers risk, a key point for this vulnerable client. The nasal spray's live virus is contraindicated post-chemo due to immune compromise, but the shot is safe and effective. The nurse's accurate advice emphasizes vaccination's protective role, tailored to her condition, preventing severe illness in someone still recovering immunity, aligning with CDC guidelines for immunocompromised individuals.