Which parts/organs of the body do lower and upper UTIs affect?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lower UTIs affect urethra and bladder; upper UTIs involve ureter and kidney.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Increased blood clots in the drainage tubing post-TURP require the nurse to increase the flow of the bladder irrigation as the best initial action. Continuous irrigation prevents clot obstruction in the catheter, which could lead to bladder distention or hemorrhage. Adjusting the rate clears clots and maintains patency. Measuring intake/output monitors status but doesn't act, antispasmodics address spasms not clots, and oral fluids don't directly resolve tubing issues, making irrigation adjustment the most effective first step.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Tubular secretion is the selective transfer of substances, such as hydrogen ions (H⁺), potassium (K⁺), and organic compounds, from the peritubular capillaries (blood) into the tubular lumen (urine). This process, occurring mainly in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, helps eliminate waste and regulate blood pH and ion levels. It differs from reabsorption (A), glomerular filtration (C), and water reabsorption (D), making B the correct definition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: About 20% of the plasma entering the glomeruli via the afferent arteriole is filtered into the glomerular capsule, known as the filtration fraction. This is calculated as GFR (125 ml/min) divided by renal plasma flow (625 ml/min), equaling 0.2 or 20%. The remaining 80% exits via the efferent arteriole, making C correct, as 1%, 99%, and 15% do not reflect this physiology.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to water due to aquaporin-1 channels, allowing water to exit into the hyperosmotic medullary interstitium, concentrating the filtrate. The thick ascending limb is impermeable to water, actively reabsorbing Na⁺ and Cl⁻, and the thin ascending limb has limited water permeability, making C correct.