Which one of the following statements regarding ventilation is INCORRECT?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: lower regions (base) ventilate better than upper (apex) due to gravity and compliance gradients. Choice A is true (TV ≈ 500 mL). Choice B is correct (dead space ≈ 150-160 mL). Choice D is accurate (Bohr's method). Choice E (none) is false. Base ventilation exceeds apex (e.g., 4:1 ratio upright), reflecting diaphragm motion and pleural pressure, making C the error.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: arterial blood carries only ≈5-7% of CO₂ in dissolved form (≈0.3 mL/100 mL at PaCO₂ 40 mmHg), not 20% total CO₂ is ≈48-50 mL/100 mL, mostly as HCO₃⁻ (70-80%) and carbamino compounds (10-20%). Choice A is true; O₂ solubility (0.003 mL/mmHg/100 mL) is ≈20x less than CO₂ (0.06). ' deoxygenation enhances CO₂ binding (Haldane effect) via deoxy-Hb's higher affinity. Choice D is plausible; venous hematocrit may rise slightly due to plasma shifts, though minimal in normals. Dissolved CO₂ contributes a small fraction, and C's overestimate contradicts standard physiology (e.g., 20% would imply 10 mL/100 mL, far exceeding solubility), making it the false statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Shallow respirations in an older client with flu suggest difficulty oxygenating effectively, often due to mucus buildup or fatigue. Elevating the head of the bed helps by using gravity to open the airways, reducing pressure on the diaphragm and improving lung expansion, which is especially beneficial for older adults with weakened respiratory muscles. A humidifier adds moisture to the air, loosening mucus and easing breathing, which is critical when flu causes thick secretions. Antipyretics reduce fever but don't directly address shallow breathing, though fever management supports overall comfort. Analgesics might relieve pain but not respiratory effort. A face mask could worsen breathing by restricting airflow unless oxygen is medically indicated. The nurse's advice focuses on non-invasive, practical measures to enhance airflow and comfort, tailored to the client's age and flu-related respiratory challenges, ensuring better oxygenation and reduced strain.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a client post-chemotherapy and radiation, the nurse advises that those with weakened immune systems, like her, are more susceptible to infections and severe flu outcomes, making vaccination wise with the inactivated shot, not the live nasal spray. Chemotherapy suppresses immunity, increasing flu risk even months later, and the inactivated vaccine safely boosts protection without infection risk. Saying the vaccine causes flu is false it's inactivated, not live, in the shot form recommended here. Influenza is indeed modifiable vaccination lowers risk, a key point for this vulnerable client. The nasal spray's live virus is contraindicated post-chemo due to immune compromise, but the shot is safe and effective. The nurse's accurate advice emphasizes vaccination's protective role, tailored to her condition, preventing severe illness in someone still recovering immunity, aligning with CDC guidelines for immunocompromised individuals.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Further teaching is needed if the patient thinks the vaccine isn't recommended for older adults, as this is false seniors over 65 are a priority group due to high flu complication risks, per CDC guidelines. Effectiveness varying by individual (e.g., age, immunity) and strain match is true, reflecting real-world vaccine dynamics. A 60% incidence reduction is plausible when matched well, showing understanding. Not protecting against other viruses (e.g., colds) is accurate flu vaccines target influenza only. The misconception about older adults signals a gap; the provider must clarify that seniors need it most, often with high-dose versions, to prevent severe outcomes like pneumonia, ensuring the patient's knowledge aligns with evidence-based practice for their demographic.