Which of the following will the have the highest percentage of CO2?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pulmonary arteries (B) carry highest CO2 (~46 mmHg, 8%). Alveolar air (A) is ~40 mmHg (5.6%). Pulmonary veins (C) and systemic arteries (D) match arterial blood (~40 mmHg, 5.6%) post-exchange. B's deoxygenated blood venous return from tissues exceeds A's exhaled mix or C's oxygenated flow, reflecting metabolism's CO2 output (5 L/min), per gas transport physiology (Q6).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Inspiratory muscle relaxation sets lungs at FRC (D) (~2.5 L). VC (A) is max exhale (~4.8 L). RV (B) is post-forced (~1.2 L). Minimal volume' (C) isn't standard likely RV. FRC RV + ERV occurs post-expiration, with intrapleural -5 cm H2O, alveolar 0 mmHg (Q17). D's resting state unlike A's effort or B's extreme defines quiet breathing's end, per physiology (Q28).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sputum cytology (A) is the primary diagnostic step for pulmonary carcinoma non-invasive, it detects malignant cells (e.g., squamous or adenocarcinoma) shed into airways, with 60-80% sensitivity if repeated. Chest x-ray (D) spots masses but isn't diagnostic alone lacks cellular detail. Bronchoscopy (C) visualizes and biopsies but follows suspicion. Gastric aspiration (B) is irrelevant lung cells don't migrate there. Scalene biopsy assesses metastasis, not initial diagnosis. Sputum's simplicity and specificity make it first-line, key in early detection, guiding imaging or invasive steps in oncology nursing protocols.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bronchoscopy (D) is necessary for lung abscess diagnosis visualizes cavities, obtains cultures (e.g., anaerobes), rules out malignancy. Bronchography (A contrast imaging) is obsolete, replaced by CT. Pulmonary angiography (B) targets vessels, not abscesses. Photoscans (C likely perfusion scans) assess embolism, not infection. Pulmonary function gauges impact, not diagnosis. Bronchoscopy's direct sampling and imaging (CT adjunct) are gold standards, key in chest nursing for guiding therapy and excluding obstruction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Superior vena caval syndrome (SVCS) SVC obstruction shows collateral vessels (A), dilated chest veins (e.g., from lung cancer compression). Tracheal perforation (B) is traumatic, unrelated. Elderly debilitation (C) isn't specific. Collaterals bypass blockage, key in nursing for recognizing malignancy-driven SVCS, prompting radiotherapy.