Which of the following substances is NOT removed from the blood by the lung?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: adrenaline (epinephrine) passes through the lung largely unchanged, unlike other substances. Choice A (prostaglandins, e.g., PGEâ‚‚) is inactivated by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Choice B (noradrenaline) is partially removed (less than serotonin). Choice C (acetylcholine) is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase. Choice E (bradykinin) is inactivated by ACE. The lung's metabolic role clears peptides, amines, and lipids, but catecholamines like adrenaline resist significant uptake or breakdown, maintaining systemic effects (e.g., fight-or-flight), making D the exception.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For a middle-aged client with flu symptoms, the nurse suggests nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, and acetaminophen as over-the-counter options. NSAIDs like ibuprofen reduce fever, pain, and inflammation from flu-related myalgia. Acetaminophen lowers fever and relieves aches, a staple for symptom relief. Aspirin, while effective for fever and pain, carries risks (e.g., stomach irritation), but remains an option for adults without contraindications. Antivirals like oseltamivir require prescriptions, not OTC, ruling them out. Antiemetics might help nausea but aren't core flu treatments. The nurse recommends these based on their accessibility and efficacy for fever, aches, and discomfort common flu complaints advising proper dosing and caution (e.g., aspirin's Reye's risk if misused). This empowers the client to manage symptoms safely at home, aligning with self-care goals for uncomplicated flu.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse includes that the vaccine can cause mild symptoms like a sore arm, a common reaction to the inactivated flu shot's injection and immune response, preparing the client for normal effects without alarm. It's effective regardless of past flu prior infection doesn't negate need, as strains evolve. It doesn't guarantee flu prevention effectiveness varies (e.g., 40–60% when matched) but reduces risk and severity. It's not live bacteria made from inactivated influenza viruses, not bacterial. This accurate, reassuring statement educates on realistic expectations, boosting compliance by addressing side effects upfront, aligning with evidence-based vaccine promotion for informed decision-making.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Resorption atelectasis is commonly seen with bronchial neoplasms (D), causing subtotal obstruction and often localized emphysema, though complete obstruction leads to atelectasis. Choice A is true; complete airway obstruction traps oxygen, which is resorbed, collapsing alveoli without impairing blood flow (Page 714). Choice B is false; mediastinum shifts toward the affected lung due to volume loss, not away (opposite of compressive atelectasis). Choice C is incorrect; it's reversible if obstruction clears (e.g., mucus plug removal), except in chronic contraction cases. Choice E (post-operative) is frequent but not the focus. Page 714 highlights neoplasms as a cause, with obstruction leading to resorption, distinguishing D as a frequent clinical scenario over the inaccurate B or C.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The hallmark of chronic bronchitis is mucus hypersecretion in large airways (A), from gland hypertrophy'. Choice B is false; goblet cells increase markedly in small airways, not main bronchi. Choice C is incorrect; infection maintains, not initiates, disease (smoking is primary). Choice D is true; smoke activates alveolar macrophages. Choice E (dysplasia to emphysema) oversimplifies. Page 722 defines A as the core feature excess mucus from hypertrophied glands and goblet cells clogs large airways, distinguishing it over B's location or C's causality.