Which of the following statements is true concerning a newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic's risk for progression to ESRD?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All factors (retinopathy, proteinuria, creatinine elevation) are predictive of progression to ESRD in Type 2 diabetes, reflecting systemic microvascular damage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Atrial fibrillation is a completely disorganized and irregular atrial rhythm accompanied by an irregular ventricular rhythm of variable rate. Atrial fibrillation causes the atria to quiver rather than to contract forcefully. This allows blood to become stagnant in the atria and may lead to formation of thrombi. This condition requires resuscitation because of the reduction in cardiac output. The cause of the bradycardia should be investigated, but is not treated emergently when an individual is not exhibiting any symptoms. Fever-induced tachycardia will correct itself once the fever is lowered. Dysrhythmias are treated if they produce significant symptoms or are expected to progress to a more serious level.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Persistent cough (B) and crackles (D) are more typical of left-sided heart failure due to pulmonary congestion. Right-sided heart failure typically presents with jugular venous distention (A), weight gain (C), and nocturia (E), while orthopnea (F) is more left-sided.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Labetalol decreases sympathetic nervous system activity by blocking both α-and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate, which can cause severe orthostatic hypotension. Heart palpitations, dry mouth, dehydration, and headaches are possible side effects of other antihypertensives.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The P wave on an EKG represents atrial depolarization, which precedes atrial contraction.