Which of the following statements about bioavailability is true?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is correct because bioavailability—the fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation—is critical for drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges (where small changes risk toxicity or inefficacy) and sustained-release forms (where release rate affects duration). Choice B is incorrect as bioavailability varies by formulation, not all brands are identical. Choice C is wrong because dosing frequency doesn't inherently increase bioavailability. Choice D is incorrect since inert substances can alter absorption, impacting bioavailability.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antiretrovirals like zidovudine are recommended in pregnancy but avoided in the first trimester if possible. Choice A is incorrect (first trimester risk). Choice C is wrong (delay risks transmission). Choice D is inaccurate (CD4 threshold not applicable).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct instruction for the nurse to include is to 'Avoid consuming grapefruit juice.' Grapefruit juice can increase sertraline levels, leading to an elevated risk of side effects. Instructing the client to avoid grapefruit juice is crucial to prevent potential interactions that could impact the effectiveness and safety of the medication. The other options are not directly related to sertraline administration. Taking the medication in the morning may vary depending on individual preferences or the prescriber's directions. Taking the medication with a full glass of water is a general instruction for many medications and not specific to sertraline. Monitoring for signs of weight gain is important but not a direct instruction related to taking sertraline.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dry cough. A dry cough is a common side effect of enalapril that can indicate the development of angioedema or potentially life-threatening angioedema. An onset of dry cough should be reported to the provider promptly as it may require discontinuation of the medication to prevent further complications. Frequent urination, tremors, and dizziness are not typically associated with enalapril use and are less likely to be of immediate concern compared to a dry cough in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is to instruct the client to monitor their blood pressure daily. Lisinopril is known to cause hypotension, so monitoring blood pressure regularly is essential to detect any potential issues early on. Choice B is incorrect as lisinopril is usually taken on an empty stomach. Choice C is incorrect as lisinopril can increase potassium levels, so additional intake of potassium-rich foods may lead to hyperkalemia. Choice D is incorrect because grapefruit juice can interact with lisinopril, leading to adverse effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because APRNs are trained to adopt a holistic approach, addressing physical, emotional, and social aspects of health, and often involve patients in care decisions, improving satisfaction and outcomes. Choice A is incorrect as it exaggerates pharmacology knowledge; APRNs study it extensively, but so do physicians, making superiority unproven. Choice C is wrong because APRNs' prescribing of narcotics varies by practice and isn't inherently less than others. Choice D is false since independent prescribing isn't universal—state laws differ, and some require oversight, similar to physician assistants.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Monitor heart rate daily.' When a client is prescribed digoxin, it is essential to monitor heart rate daily because digoxin can cause bradycardia, a condition characterized by a slow heart rate. Monitoring the heart rate regularly allows the client to promptly identify any signs of bradycardia and seek medical attention if needed. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because taking digoxin with food, avoiding grapefruit juice, and increasing potassium-rich foods are not specific instructions related to managing the side effects or monitoring parameters of digoxin therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because acetaminophen (liver risk), aspirin (GI bleeding), and ibuprofen (ulcers, kidney issues) can all cause ADRs if misused, per safety data. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one risk. Choice B is wrong by itself because aspirin is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since ibuprofen is only one concern.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because educating patients about expected adverse reactions prepares them to manage side effects and seek help if needed, enhancing safety and adherence. Choice A is incorrect as reading level should match the patient's, not a fixed standard. Choice C is wrong because storing leftovers encourages misuse—antibiotics should be completed. Choice D is incorrect since language should suit the patient, not always English.