Which of the following statement best describe preferred provider organizations (PPOs)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: PPOs offer flexible provider options (B), per definition e.g., wider choice for Mr. Gary. Not no choice (A), not rule (C), not task (D) insurance-based. B best defines PPOs' flexibility, balancing cost and access, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Tetanus immunoglobulin provides immediate passive immunity against *Clostridium tetani* in contaminated wounds, neutralizing toxins in unvaccinated patients. DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) and tetanus toxoid build active immunity over time, unsuitable for acute cases. Tetanus antitoxin is outdated. Nurses administer immunoglobulin alongside toxoid for dual protection, preventing tetanus's lethal muscle spasms, critical in emergency settings.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hyperventilation lowers CO2, causing respiratory alkalosis, which binds calcium (hypocalcemia) and lowers phosphate (hypophosphatemia), risking seizures. Hyperphosphatemia doesn't occur phosphate drops with alkalosis. Nurses manage breathing rates, correcting pH and electrolytes to prevent tetany or convulsions, understanding these metabolic shifts.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a nursing diagnosis of diarrhea, the goal should target symptom resolution, making 'The patient will experience a decreased frequency of bowel elimination' most appropriate. It's specific (frequency reduction), measurable (counting episodes), and addresses the core issue excessive stools aiming for normalcy. Taking anti-diarrheal medication is an intervention, not a goal, as it's a means to an end, not the outcome itself. Collecting a stool specimen supports diagnosis but doesn't resolve diarrhea. Saving urine is irrelevant, as diarrhea involves bowel, not urinary, function. The chosen goal aligns with patient comfort and health restoration, following SMART criteria, guiding nursing actions like hydration or diet adjustments, and providing a clear benchmark for evaluation, essential for effective care planning.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nursing theory revolves around four major concepts: person (the client), environment (external influences), nursing (the profession's actions), and health (the client's well-being). These form a metaparadigm, a foundational framework for models like Roy's Adaptation or Orem's Self-Care, guiding practice and research. Promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative are health care approaches, not core theoretical concepts specific to intervention types, not theory's essence. Nurse, person, environment, care swaps 'health' for 'care,' diluting the holistic focus; 'nursing' encompasses care broadly. Person, environment, theory, health replaces 'nursing' with 'theory,' confusing the framework with its product. The quartet of person, environment, nursing, and health unifies nursing's domain, ensuring theories address the client, their context, the nurse's role, and desired outcomes, making it the widely accepted answer in nursing scholarship.