Which of the following statement best describe cost-effectiveness in nursing?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cost-effectiveness is maximizing care value (B), per nursing e.g., best outcomes for Mr. Gary at low cost. Not ignoring (A), not task (C), not temporary (D) value-focused. B best defines its role, balancing quality and expense, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Serum albumin maintains oncotic pressure, pulling fluid into blood vessels to prevent edema in conditions like hypoalbuminemia (e.g., liver failure). It doesn't directly affect clotting (fibrinogen's role), white blood cell formation (bone marrow), or red blood cell production (erythropoietin). Nurses administer it to correct fluid shifts, monitoring for overload, ensuring vascular stability critical for tissue perfusion and oxygenation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Albumin treats ascites by raising oncotic pressure, pulling fluid from tissues into vessels. Slow infusion prevents overload, and fluid restriction avoids diluting the effect, maximizing fluid shift from the abdomen. Rapid infusion risks pulmonary edema, and liberal fluids counteract albumin's purpose. Nurses monitor volume status, optimizing therapy to relieve ascites without cardiovascular strain.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Formulating a nursing diagnosis involves the nurse and patient collaborating to identify health problems based on assessment data. The nurse collects subjective input (e.g., patient-reported symptoms) and objective findings (e.g., vital signs), then analyzes them with the patient's perspective to define needs and goals. This partnership ensures patient-centered care, reflecting the patient's experiences and priorities. Relatives may offer insights, but the primary focus is the patient's direct input, not family consensus. Doctors diagnose medical conditions, not nursing diagnoses, which address human responses to health issues distinct from medical roles. Nurse-doctor collaboration informs broader care, but nursing diagnosis formulation centers on nursing scope, not physician directive. The nurse-patient dynamic leverages the nurse's expertise and the patient's lived experience, making it the essential joint function for accurate, tailored nursing diagnoses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Contemporary nursing demands autonomy and accountability nurses independently make decisions within their scope and take responsibility for outcomes, reflecting roles like educator, advocate, and clinician. This aligns with evolving healthcare, where nurses lead initiatives (e.g., patient education) and answer for care quality. Health promotion and illness prevention are key foci but specific tasks, not broad role examples. Providing bedside care is traditional, not fully capturing modern diversity (e.g., research, management). Following physician orders reflects dependence, not the autonomy defining today's practice. Autonomy and accountability encompass the knowledge (clinical expertise), skills (critical thinking), and attitudes (responsibility) needed for multifaceted roles, making this the best fit for contemporary nursing's scope.