Which of the following should be included in a plan of care for a client who is lactose intolerant?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Frozen yogurt is digestible due to bacterial breakdown of lactose.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nursing theories fundamentally revolve around four core concepts that define the profession's scope and practice. These concepts shape how nurses understand and interact with their clients. The individual receiving care is central, encompassing their physical, emotional, and social dimensions. The surroundings influencing this individual such as living conditions, sanitation, or social support play a critical role in health outcomes. The practice of nursing itself involves the actions, knowledge, and skills nurses employ to facilitate care. Finally, health represents the goal, viewed as a dynamic state of well-being rather than merely the absence of disease. Other options might reflect aspects of healthcare or outdated views, but they don't encapsulate the widely accepted framework established by foundational theorists like Nightingale, who emphasized environmental manipulation, or Roy, who focused on adaptation. This quartet person, environment, nursing, health grounds nursing as a distinct discipline, guiding both theoretical development and practical application in diverse settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Virginia Henderson's Nature of Nursing Model, from the 1950s, defines nursing as assisting with 14 basic needs (e.g., breathing, eating) to restore independence e.g., helping a post-op patient ambulate. Nightingale focused on environment, Parse on human becoming, and Orlando on patient needs in interactions. Henderson's practical, need-based framework shaped nursing education and practice, emphasizing patient autonomy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: St. Clare founded the Poor Clares in 1212, the second Franciscan order, focusing on poverty and service e.g., caring for the sick. Unlike Catherine (lamp lady), Anne (Mary's mother), or Elizabeth (patron saint), Clare's work influenced nursing's religious roots, tying care to spiritual devotion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Subjective data, per nursing assessment, is patient-reported e.g., anxiety as a felt emotion. Dizziness and chest pain can be observed or measured (vitals), while blue nails are visible (objective). Anxiety's internal nature makes it subjective, guiding nurses to probe feelings for comprehensive care.