Which of the following is TRUE about respiration?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Normal respiration has an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2 e.g., 1-second inhale, 2-second exhale reflecting passive expiration's longer phase. Other ratios (2:1, 4:3, 1:1) don't match physiology. Nurses observe this e.g., counting breaths for baseline assessment, per respiratory mechanics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Joyce Travelbee's Interpersonal Theory (1960s) sees nursing as a human-to-human bond during illness e.g., finding meaning in cancer. Swanson's caring, Zderad's humanism, and Peplau's therapeutic focus differ Travelbee's distinct from Parse's becoming. Her emphasis on coping and connection guides emotional support, especially in terminal care, enriching nursing's relational depth.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy (1940s) outlines universal needs physiological to self-actualization but isn't rigid e.g., skipping food for safety. Needs are common (air), internally driven (hunger), and externally triggered (stress). Nurses prioritize flexibly e.g., addressing fear over nutrition in crisis per patient context, not strict order.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Convection loses heat via air movement e.g., a fan cools a feverish patient. Conduction (contact), radiation (infrared), and evaporation (sweat) differ. Nurses apply this e.g., adjusting airflow to manage hyperthermia, per thermoregulation principles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Darkening the room aids ophthalmoscopy e.g., pupil dilation for retina unlike bright light (constricts). Draping (privacy), warming (nonsense) differ. Nurses prepare e.g., dim for clarity, per protocols.