Which of the following is not generally a cause of a pleural exudate:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Congestive heart failure (A) causes transudative, not exudative, pleural effusion fluid from hydrostatic pressure (e.g., left heart failure) has low protein (<3 g/dL), not inflammation-driven. Bacterial pneumonia (B), malignancy (C), myocardial infarction (D e.g., Dressler's), and influenza A (E post-viral) produce exudates high protein (>3 g/dL), often bloody or purulent, from capillary leak or infection. CHF's transudate contrasts with exudative etiologies, key in Light's criteria (e.g., pleural/serum protein ratio), guiding thoracentesis interpretation in chest nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Assuming respiratory distress (common in chest MCQs), severe respiratory acidosis (C) fits hypoventilation (e.g., COPD) raises PaCOâ‚‚ (e.g., >50 mmHg), dropping pH (e.g., <7.30), causing dyspnea, confusion. Septicemia (A) adds fever, hypotension. Alkalosis (B) from hyperventilation lowers COâ‚‚. Metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA) involves Kussmaul breathing, not primary lung. Respiratory acidosis aligns with chest pathology, key in ABG interpretation for ventilatory support in nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asparaginase, an enzyme, causes protein synthesis defects, hepatitis, pancreatitis (B) depletes asparagine, stressing liver, pancreas (e.g., amylase >200 U/L). Myelosuppression (A) is methotrexate. Neuropathy (C) is vincristine. Cystitis (D) is cytoxan. Psychosis is prednisone. Asparaginase's metabolic impact is key in nursing for monitoring coagulation and pancreatic function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sickle cell trait all true : ~10% prevalence in Blacks (A HbAS), hematuria (B renal papillary necrosis), rare crises in hypoxia (C e.g., high altitude), hyposthenuria (D impaired concentrating ability). Trait's mildness contrasts anemia, key in nursing for hydration advice and crisis risk education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypersplenism is splenomegaly plus pancytopenia, hyperplastic marrow (B) spleen sequesters RBCs, WBCs, platelets (e.g., <100,000/μL), while marrow compensates (e.g., erythroid hyperplasia). Hypoplastic (A) or fibrotic (C) marrow contradicts. Regardless (D) ignores marrow state. None' dismisses. Hyperplasia distinguishes, key in nursing for spleen size and CBC monitoring.