Which of the following is not correct regarding exhalation (expiration)?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Exhalation doesn't start with expiratory muscle relaxation. Passive expiration (A) uses lung recoil (C, true, -5 cm H2O intrapleural). Active expiration (B) engages muscles (e.g., abdominals). D's trigger relaxation fits inspiration's end; expiration begins when inspiratory muscles (diaphragm) relax, raising pressure (+1 mmHg). COPD hinders expiration (E, true, Q65). D's error unlike A's norm misaligns timing, per physiology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Congestive heart failure (A) causes transudative, not exudative, pleural effusion fluid from hydrostatic pressure (e.g., left heart failure) has low protein (<3 g/dL), not inflammation-driven. Bacterial pneumonia (B), malignancy (C), myocardial infarction (D e.g., Dressler's), and influenza A (E post-viral) produce exudates high protein (>3 g/dL), often bloody or purulent, from capillary leak or infection. CHF's transudate contrasts with exudative etiologies, key in Light's criteria (e.g., pleural/serum protein ratio), guiding thoracentesis interpretation in chest nursing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bronchoscopy (A) diagnoses lung cancer visualizes tumors, biopsies masses (e.g., 90% yield central lesions), and samples cytology. Scalene biopsy (B) assesses spread, not primary. Cytology smear (C) aids but needs source (e.g., sputum). Angiography (D) maps vessels, not cancer. Ultrasound is adjunctive, not diagnostic here. Bronchoscopy's direct access is gold standard, key in nursing for procedure prep and post-care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Assuming respiratory distress (common in chest MCQs), severe respiratory acidosis (C) fits hypoventilation (e.g., COPD) raises PaCOâ‚‚ (e.g., >50 mmHg), dropping pH (e.g., <7.30), causing dyspnea, confusion. Septicemia (A) adds fever, hypotension. Alkalosis (B) from hyperventilation lowers COâ‚‚. Metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA) involves Kussmaul breathing, not primary lung. Respiratory acidosis aligns with chest pathology, key in ABG interpretation for ventilatory support in nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asparaginase, an enzyme, causes protein synthesis defects, hepatitis, pancreatitis (B) depletes asparagine, stressing liver, pancreas (e.g., amylase >200 U/L). Myelosuppression (A) is methotrexate. Neuropathy (C) is vincristine. Cystitis (D) is cytoxan. Psychosis is prednisone. Asparaginase's metabolic impact is key in nursing for monitoring coagulation and pancreatic function.