Which of the following is NOT considered as Metaparadigm of Nursing?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nursing's metaparadigm includes Person (patient), Environment (context), Health (wellness state), and Nursing (practice) core concepts defining the discipline. Diagnosis is a process within nursing, not a foundational element. Nurses use these paradigms to frame care holistically, ensuring focus on the individual, surroundings, and health goals, not just clinical tasks like diagnosing, which supports but doesn't define the field.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The scientific method defining a question, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing, and concluding forms research's foundation, providing a structured, replicable approach to generate reliable knowledge. In nursing, it underpins evidence-based practice, like testing a new wound care protocol. Experience informs research but lacks systematic rigor alone; it's subjective and anecdotal. Problem-solving is a skill applied within research, not its base lacking the method's objectivity. Critical thinking is essential for interpreting data or designing studies, but it's a tool, not the framework. The scientific method's disciplined process ensures findings are valid and generalizable, distinguishing research from intuition or trial-and-error. It's the gold standard for building nursing knowledge, validating interventions, and improving patient outcomes, making it the foundational element of research.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A nursing code of ethics, like Kenya's or ANA's, defines principles autonomy, justice, beneficence shaping client care delivery. It guides decisions (e.g., respecting refusal), ensuring ethical practice. Improving universal health is an outcome, not the code's purpose, which focuses on conduct. Providing identical care misreads ethics; it ensures fairness, not uniformity care varies by need. Protecting nurses' desires prioritizes self-interest, not clients, clashing with the code's intent. Defining principles offers a moral compass, enabling nurses to navigate dilemmas, uphold trust, and deliver client-centered care, making this the code's core relevance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A 79-year-old malnourished client on bed rest faces the highest risk for decubitus ulcers (pressure injuries). Immobility from bed rest causes prolonged pressure on bony prominences (e.g., sacrum), while malnutrition impairs tissue repair (e.g., low protein), accelerating skin breakdown. Obesity with wheelchair use risks pressure, but mobility shifts weight, reducing duration. Incontinence with diarrhea irritates skin, but without immobility, pressure isn't constant. An ambulatory diabetic moves freely, minimizing pressure despite circulation risks. The bedridden, malnourished client combines immobility, poor nutrition, and age-related skin fragility, topping risk scales (e.g., Braden), making them the most vulnerable in nursing assessment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A community shares common attributes or connections.