Which of the following is not a determinant of health?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Personal beliefs are not a formal determinant of health, unlike culture, biology/genetics, and social support, which are recognized factors shaping health outcomes. Culture influences practices and access, biology/genetics dictate predisposition (e.g., hereditary conditions), and social support buffers stress or isolation all directly tied to health. Beliefs, like preferring herbal remedies, reflect individual choices shaped by determinants, not the determinants themselves. Health care aides encounter beliefs in care preferences, but their role is to navigate these within broader health factors, ensuring care respects clients while addressing systemic influences, not conflating personal views with structural drivers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A substitute decision maker legally consents for an incapable person, unlike consenter (B, not a term), assaulter (C, irrelevant), or executor (D, for estates). PSWs interact with them when clients can't decide e.g., dementia cases ensuring care aligns with the client's best interests. Misidentifying this role could delay decisions or misapply authority, compromising care. Recognizing this authority ensures PSWs respect legal proxies, facilitating timely interventions like treatment approval, a critical link in client advocacy and ethical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Encouraging self-care when able boosts self-esteem per Maslow, unlike preempting needs , doing everything , or outsourcing to family , which diminish autonomy. PSWs foster confidence e.g., aiding a client to dress alone enhancing worth. Over-assisting risks dependence, lowering esteem. This balance empowers clients, aligning with PSW goals to promote independence and dignity, a key to emotional health in care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Activities of daily living include bathing, grooming, and elimination routine self-care tasks unlike cognitive functions (A, mental processes), communication skills (B, interaction), or high-level needs (D, abstract goals). PSWs assist with ADLs to maintain client independence and hygiene, critical for health and dignity. Misclassifying these risks neglecting basic care; ADLs aren't cognitive or advanced needs but foundational. For example, helping a client bathe ensures cleanliness and prevents infection, a core PSW duty. This distinction aligns with care plans, prioritizing physical support over mental or aspirational tasks, ensuring clients' daily needs are met systematically, a practical focus in their training.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Illness is the loss of health, physical or mental, unlike stigma (B, shame), stress (C, strain), or physiology (D, function study). PSWs address this e.g., reporting symptoms focusing on restoration. Misnaming risks misdiagnosis; illness isn't just stress. For clients, it's a state needing care, a PSW focus. This clarity ensures they target health declines accurately, supporting recovery or management, a foundational concept in their daily observations.