Which of the following is not a characteristic of a normal urine?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Normal urine pH is 4.5-8 e.g., averages 6 but varies not fixed at 6. Clear, aromatic, yellow-amber are true. Nurses assess e.g., pH for health, per norms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: General systems theory, developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, explores how wholes and their parts interact, describing the function and behavior of components within a system. In nursing, it views the client as a system body, mind, and spirit interacting with environments like family or healthcare settings, emphasizing interdependence. Nursing theory broadly aims to explain and predict care outcomes, not specifically parts-whole dynamics. Adaptation theory, per Roy, focuses on adjusting to stimuli, while developmental theory tracks growth stages, neither prioritizing systemic relationships. General systems theory's holistic lens aids nurses in understanding how a client's physical decline affects emotional health or how family dynamics influence recovery. Its interdisciplinary roots make it versatile, guiding comprehensive care plans that address interconnected factors, enhancing nursing's ability to manage complex client needs effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Experimental research, used here, tests cause-and-effect under controlled conditions, typically in labs. The nurse manipulates tap water with bleach (independent variable) to measure cancer incidence in rats (dependent variable), controlling factors like diet to isolate effects. Descriptive research observes phenomena like disease prevalence without manipulation. Correlational research examines variable relationships, like smoking and cancer rates, without causation. Quasi-experimental research tests cause-effect but lacks full control, often outside labs. Experimental design's rigor randomization, controls yields causal insights, like bleach's oncogenicity, advancing nursing's scientific base. This method's precision suits lab settings, offering clear, replicable evidence for health impacts, critical for informing practice or policy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Intellectual needs in long-term care involve cognition and learning, shaping health responses. Educating a diabetic client on foot care meets this, enhancing understanding of self-management e.g., preventing ulcers tied to past experiences and education level. Showing a video on modified activities engages residents, teaching adaptive skills like chair exercises, boosting cognitive engagement. Shutting a cafeteria addresses safety, not intellect. Referring for grief targets emotional needs, not cognitive. These actions foot care, video stimulate thinking and problem-solving, key for older adults' autonomy and health behaviors, aligning with nursing's holistic aim to nurture intellectual vitality alongside physical care in chronic settings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tertiary prevention optimizes chronic illness outcomes, vital in rural areas with care gaps. The COPD client in pulmonary rehab benefits most rehab post-diagnosis boosts lung capacity and endurance via tailored exercises, cutting exacerbations, a nursing-led strategy. The hypertensive client needs primary or secondary focus med adherence or screening not tertiary yet. The diabetic's foot checks are tertiary but self-managed, less intensive. The arthritis client's exercise class is tertiary too, but rehab's structured, multi-faceted approach (breathing techniques, education) outshines general exercise for impact studies show it slashes hospital stays. Nursing's role here maximizes function despite isolation, ensuring this client thrives, aligning with tertiary care's depth for complex chronicity.