Which of the following is considered as the most important aspect of hand washing?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Friction is the most critical in hand washing, mechanically removing dirt, microbes, and oils from skin surfaces, especially crevices. Soap emulsifies germs, water rinses, and time (40-60 seconds) ensures thoroughness, but friction drives efficacy. Nurses rely on this per CDC guidelines, reducing infection transmission, as chemical agents alone can't dislodge all pathogens without physical action.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Critical thinking is the mental process of analyzing information, forming conclusions, making decisions, drawing inferences, and reflecting key in nursing for evaluating patient data and planning care. For example, a nurse uses it to interpret vital signs, decide interventions, and reflect on effectiveness. Intellectual humility is an attitude of openness, not a process. Thinking independently is a component of critical thinking but narrower, lacking reflection or inference. Assessment is a nursing process step, involving data collection, not the broader cognitive process described. Critical thinking's comprehensive nature encompassing analysis, synthesis, and evaluation makes it essential for sound clinical judgment, enabling nurses to adapt to complex, dynamic patient needs, and ensuring decisions are reasoned and evidence-based, aligning perfectly with the question's description.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Florence Nightingale viewed nursing as managing health by optimizing conditions e.g., hygiene, nutrition for recovery or prevention, as per her Environmental Theory. This quote reflects her Crimean War work, reducing mortality via sanitation. Henderson focused on 14 needs aiding independence, not directly 'charging health.' Roy's Adaptation Model emphasizes adapting to stimuli, not Nightingale's environmental focus. Orem's Self-Care Theory prioritizes client self-management, not nurse-led health control. Nightingale's legacy knowledge-driven environmental adjustments matches the description, cementing her as modern nursing's founder with this vision.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when there's potential contact with bodily fluids, such as saliva during oral hygiene. Massage, feeding, and hair care typically don't involve this risk unless contamination is evident.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: 1 cc (cubic centimeter) equals 1 ml, so 20 cc is 20 ml.