Which of the following is caused after afferent and efferent arterioles constriction by sympathetic activity:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sympathetic activity constricts both afferent and efferent arterioles, reducing renal blood flow and GFR. Lower GFR decreases the filtered Na⁺ load, but slower filtrate flow allows less Na⁺ reabsorption in the PCT, increasing Na⁺ delivery to the macula densa in the distal tubule. GFR doesn't increase (A), PCT reabsorption decreases (C), and filtered load drops (D), making B correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The evaluation phase of the nursing process involves reassessment and audit (D) to determine if outcomes were met, adjusting care as needed. Data collection (A) is assessment, decision-making (B) and priority-setting (C) occur in planning, making D the primary evaluation action.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by excreting H⁺ and reabsorbing HCO₃⁻ (opposite of C), making this statement incorrect and needing education. Filtration (A), reabsorption (B), and secretion (D) are accurate, highlighting C as the error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The thick ascending loop creates the medullary gradient (A), urine entering the collecting duct is hypotonic post-dilution (B), and without ADH, water isn't reabsorbed, keeping urine dilute (C). All are true—gradient drives concentration, urine starts hypotonic, ADH is key—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Increased sodium reabsorption via apical channels (B) in the collecting duct (principal cells) enhances H⁺ secretion by intercalated cells, balancing charge. Ammonia buffers H⁺ (A is false), titratable acids affect it (C is false), and aldosterone boosts it (D is false), making B correct.