Which of the following is a protein made by the kidney?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in response to hypoxia, stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Angiotensin is a peptide formed systemically, mesangial matrix is an extracellular structure, and creatinine is a waste product, not a protein made by the kidney, making D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Thirst is inhibited by feedback signals like moistening of the mouth and throat mucosa, which signals hydration and reduces the drive to drink. Stomach and intestinal stretch (from fluid intake) also contribute, but ‘inhibition of stretch receptors' (A) implies blocking, not activating, so it's incorrect. B alone is precise, making it correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acute glomerulonephritis involves inflammation of the glomeruli, often leading to fluid retention, hypertension, and edema due to impaired filtration. The primary treatment goal is to maintain fluid balance, preventing overload or dehydration by monitoring intake, output, and weight, and adjusting fluids accordingly. Encouraging activity (A) may worsen strain, high protein intake (B) is avoided due to proteinuria, and catheterization (D) is not routine, making C the correct focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Paralysis below T4 (thoracic spinal cord injury) spares upper extremities (C5-T1 innervation), allowing independent use, and preserves diaphragm function (C3-5), enabling an efficient cough (D). Flaccidity (A) or spasticity (B) affects lower limbs, and ventilatory support (C) is for higher injuries, making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Catheterization and irrigations risk trauma to the urinary tract (e.g., urethra) and infection (e.g., CAUTI) (D) due to invasive entry and bacterial introduction. Kidney stones (A), urgency (B), and nocturia (C) are less directly linked, making D the primary complication.