Which of the following is a preparation of choice for a patient who has been admitted in ED with an open contaminated injury and no recent history of tetanus immunization?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Tetanus immunoglobulin provides immediate passive immunity against *Clostridium tetani* in contaminated wounds, neutralizing toxins in unvaccinated patients. DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) and tetanus toxoid build active immunity over time, unsuitable for acute cases. Tetanus antitoxin is outdated. Nurses administer immunoglobulin alongside toxoid for dual protection, preventing tetanus's lethal muscle spasms, critical in emergency settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a nursing diagnosis of diarrhea, the goal should target symptom resolution, making 'The patient will experience a decreased frequency of bowel elimination' most appropriate. It's specific (frequency reduction), measurable (counting episodes), and addresses the core issue excessive stools aiming for normalcy. Taking anti-diarrheal medication is an intervention, not a goal, as it's a means to an end, not the outcome itself. Collecting a stool specimen supports diagnosis but doesn't resolve diarrhea. Saving urine is irrelevant, as diarrhea involves bowel, not urinary, function. The chosen goal aligns with patient comfort and health restoration, following SMART criteria, guiding nursing actions like hydration or diet adjustments, and providing a clear benchmark for evaluation, essential for effective care planning.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nursing theory revolves around four major concepts: person (the client), environment (external influences), nursing (the profession's actions), and health (the client's well-being). These form a metaparadigm, a foundational framework for models like Roy's Adaptation or Orem's Self-Care, guiding practice and research. Promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative are health care approaches, not core theoretical concepts specific to intervention types, not theory's essence. Nurse, person, environment, care swaps 'health' for 'care,' diluting the holistic focus; 'nursing' encompasses care broadly. Person, environment, theory, health replaces 'nursing' with 'theory,' confusing the framework with its product. The quartet of person, environment, nursing, and health unifies nursing's domain, ensuring theories address the client, their context, the nurse's role, and desired outcomes, making it the widely accepted answer in nursing scholarship.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: For a 4-month-old infant, chest compressions use two fingers (index and middle) on the sternum, just below the nipple line, per pediatric CPR guidelines (e.g., AHA). This delivers 1.5-inch depth at 100-120 beats per minute, suitable for an infant's small, fragile chest, minimizing injury. Both hands suit adults, overwhelming an infant's frame, risking rib fractures. The heel of one hand applies for children over 1 year, too forceful here. The palm of one hand lacks precision, potentially misplacing pressure. Two fingers balance force and control, ensuring effective circulation during cardiac arrest while protecting the infant's delicate anatomy, making it the standard technique in neonatal resuscitation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lungs are the site of gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.