Which of the following is a preparation of choice for a patient who has been admitted in ED with an open contaminated injury and no recent history of tetanus immunization?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Tetanus immunoglobulin provides immediate passive immunity against *Clostridium tetani* in contaminated wounds, neutralizing toxins in unvaccinated patients. DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) and tetanus toxoid build active immunity over time, unsuitable for acute cases. Tetanus antitoxin is outdated. Nurses administer immunoglobulin alongside toxoid for dual protection, preventing tetanus's lethal muscle spasms, critical in emergency settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Deductive reasoning involves applying a general framework to a specific situation, and assessing a client using Maslow's Hierarchy to define a nutritional problem exemplifies this. The student starts with the broad theory of human needs, then deduces that the client's issue fits within the physiological category, specifically nutrition. Observing constipation and gathering data is inductive, moving from specifics to a general conclusion. Suspecting dishonesty and checking sources is investigative, not strictly deductive. Identifying alternatives and choosing one is problem-solving, not deduction. Using Maslow's model demonstrates how a nurse logically narrows a general principle to a specific client need, showcasing critical thinking essential for effective care planning.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Younger people have higher pulses e.g., 80-100 bpm vs. 60-80 adults due to metabolism. Males post-puberty lower (strength), digitalis slows (negative chronotropic), lying reduces (rest). Nurses note this e.g., pediatric norms per physiology.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Restraints don't prevent confusion; they may worsen it by increasing stress.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: C5 SCI with respiratory distress (diaphragm impairment) requires preparing for intubation (B) first to secure the airway. Oxygen (A), suctioning (C), or positioning (D) follow. B is correct. Rationale: C5 affects phrenic nerve function; intubation ensures ventilation, per trauma airway priorities, preventing hypoxia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Social determinants include income, education (A), affect outcomes (B), can change (C) 'only biological' (D) isn't true, they're social, per WHO. D's biology limit fails, making it untrue.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In cardiopulmonary arrest, begin chest compressions (B) first per BLS guidelines, as circulation is priority. Pulse check (A) follows if uncertain. Calling (C) or Heimlich (D) delays care. B is correct. Rationale: Immediate compressions restore circulation in arrest, critical within seconds, per AHA protocols, overriding other initial actions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin e.g., sugar control unlike cortisol (adrenals). Nurses know e.g., diabetes for roles, per physiology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myra Levine's Conservation Model (1960s) outlines four principles energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, social integrity to maintain wholeness. For example, conserving energy via rest aids a fatigued patient's recovery. Leininger's cultural care, Orlando's patient needs, and Parse's existential focus differ. Levine's framework guides nurses to preserve patient unity e.g., protecting skin integrity impacting holistic strategies in acute and chronic care settings.