Which of the following is a key strategy in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Antiretroviral therapy. This is a key strategy because it involves giving HIV medications to the mother during pregnancy, labor, and delivery, as well as to the newborn, significantly reducing the risk of transmission. Antiretroviral therapy helps lower the viral load in the mother's body, making it less likely for the virus to be passed on to the child. Exclusive breastfeeding (choice A) can increase the risk of transmission, routine immunization (choice B) does not directly prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and nutritional supplementation (choice D) is not a primary strategy for preventing transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Physical inactivity. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases because regular exercise helps maintain a healthy heart and blood vessels. It reduces the risk of developing conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity, which are all linked to cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, choices A, C, and D are not major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Low cholesterol levels (A) are usually considered beneficial for heart health, low blood pressure (C) is generally a sign of good cardiovascular health, and while adequate sleep (D) is important for overall well-being, it is not directly linked to cardiovascular diseases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing the spread of infectious diseases because it helps build immunity against specific pathogens, reducing the likelihood of infection and transmission. Vaccines train the immune system to recognize and fight off harmful microorganisms. Antibiotic treatment (A) is used to treat bacterial infections, not prevent the spread of diseases. Quarantine (B) is effective in isolating infected individuals but does not prevent the initial spread of diseases. Nutritional supplementation (D) can support overall health but is not a direct method for preventing infectious diseases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To gather data on health status and needs. The primary purpose of conducting a health survey in a community is to systematically collect information on the health of the population, identify health issues, assess needs, and guide healthcare planning. This data helps in developing effective public health interventions and policies. Choice A (To provide medical treatment to individuals) is incorrect because health surveys focus on population-level data collection, not individual treatment. Choice C (To distribute health education materials) is incorrect as the primary purpose of a health survey is data collection, not distribution of materials. Choice D (To perform laboratory tests) is incorrect because health surveys typically involve collecting information through questionnaires and interviews, rather than conducting laboratory tests.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and improving quality of life for individuals with existing health conditions. Physical rehabilitation programs fall under this category as they help individuals recover and regain functioning after an illness or injury. This intervention aims to prevent further complications and disabilities. Vaccination campaigns (A) and health education seminars (B) are examples of primary and secondary prevention, focusing on preventing diseases before they occur or detecting them early. Early disease screening (D) is also a form of secondary prevention, aiming to detect diseases in their early stages before symptoms appear.