Which of the following is a common sign of dehydration in infants?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sunken fontanelle. Dehydration in infants can cause the fontanelle, the soft spot on the baby's head, to appear sunken. This is due to decreased fluid levels in the body. Sunken fontanelle is a common and easily identifiable sign of dehydration in infants. The other choices are incorrect because frequent urination is not typically associated with dehydration in infants, excessive drooling can be a normal part of teething, and increased appetite is not a specific sign of dehydration in infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Breast milk. Breast milk is the best type of milk for infants below 6 months of age because it provides the ideal nutrition and antibodies necessary for their growth and development. It contains the perfect balance of nutrients, is easily digestible, and helps protect infants from infections and diseases. Choice A: Cow's milk is not recommended for infants below 6 months as it is difficult for them to digest and lacks essential nutrients like iron and vitamin E. Choice B: Goat's milk is also not recommended for infants below 6 months as it lacks certain nutrients and may cause allergic reactions. Choice D: Soy milk is not suitable as a primary source of nutrition for infants below 6 months as it may not provide all the necessary nutrients and can lead to digestive issues. In summary, breast milk is the best choice for infants below 6 months due to its unique composition and numerous benefits compared to other types of milk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administering oral rehydration solution. This is the appropriate method for treating dehydration in infants because it helps replace lost fluids and electrolytes effectively. Oral rehydration solution contains the right balance of water, salts, and sugars needed to rehydrate the infant. It is safe and easy for infants to consume. Providing fruit juice (B) is not recommended as it may contain too much sugar and not enough electrolytes. Increasing milk intake (C) can worsen dehydration due to difficulty digesting milk during dehydration. Administering antibiotics (D) is not necessary for dehydration treatment as it does not address the primary issue of fluid and electrolyte loss.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: To provide couples with the information and means to control fertility. This is because the primary aim of the Family Planning Program is to empower individuals with the knowledge and resources to make informed decisions about family size and spacing. This includes access to contraceptives, education about reproductive health, and support for family planning choices. A: To improve infant nutrition - This is not the primary aim of the Family Planning Program, although family planning can indirectly contribute to better infant nutrition by spacing births appropriately. B: To reduce maternal mortality - While family planning can help reduce maternal mortality by preventing unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions, it is not the primary aim of the program. C: To prevent sexually transmitted infections - Although promoting safe sex practices is important in family planning, preventing STIs is not the primary aim of the program.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Frequent handwashing. Handwashing is essential for preventing the spread of healthcare-associated infections as it helps remove and kill harmful bacteria and viruses. By washing hands regularly, healthcare workers can reduce the risk of transmitting infections between patients. Sharing medical equipment (B) can actually increase the spread of infections. Reducing patient turnover (C) can help minimize exposure, but without proper hand hygiene, infections can still spread. Increasing hospital bed capacity (D) is unrelated to preventing infections. Therefore, A is the most effective practice for infection control.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a community health nurse focuses on promoting health and preventing disease within the community through education, advocacy, and preventive care. This role involves working with individuals, families, and communities to improve overall health outcomes. A: Providing acute care in hospitals is incorrect as this is typically the role of hospital nurses, not community health nurses. B: Conducting surgeries is incorrect as this is a task performed by surgeons or operating room nurses, not community health nurses. D: Diagnosing and treating medical conditions is incorrect as this falls under the responsibility of healthcare providers such as physicians or nurse practitioners, not community health nurses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus. MMR vaccine is made from weakened live viruses of measles, mumps, and rubella. When administered, the body develops an immune response without causing the disease. Choice A, Hepatitis B vaccine, is a subunit vaccine. Choice B, Inactivated polio vaccine, is a killed virus vaccine. Choice D, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DPT) vaccine, is a toxoid vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines provide stronger and longer-lasting immunity as they mimic natural infection without causing illness.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The goal of the Safe Motherhood Initiative is to improve maternal health. This includes reducing maternal mortality rates and ensuring safe childbirth practices. Providing free medical services (choice C) and promoting exclusive breastfeeding (choice D) are important aspects, but not the primary goal. Choice A is focused on child mortality, not maternal health. Thus, the correct answer is B as it directly aligns with the main objective of the initiative.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Administering antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral therapy helps reduce the viral load in the mother, decreasing the risk of transmitting HIV to the child during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. It is a proven method recommended by the World Health Organization. A: Exclusive breastfeeding can increase the risk of HIV transmission to the child if the mother is HIV positive. C: Using unsterilized medical equipment can increase the risk of HIV transmission. D: Avoiding prenatal care can lead to missed opportunities for prevention and treatment interventions.