Which of the following DOES NOT constrict pulmonary arterioles?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: isoproterenol (β₂-agonist) dilates pulmonary arterioles, not constricts. Choice A (adrenaline) constricts via α-receptors (β₂ dilates, but α dominates in lung). Choice B (thromboxane B₂) constricts (stable metabolite). Choice C (noradrenaline) constricts (α-effect). Choice D (prostaglandin F2α) constricts. Isoproterenol's β₂-stimulation reduces resistance, aiding flow, distinguishing E as the non-constrictor.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Influenza in a 67-year-old increases the risk of sinusitis and otitis media, secondary infections stemming from viral irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Sinusitis arises when flu causes sinus inflammation, trapping bacteria, while otitis media follows eustachian tube dysfunction from nasal congestion, common in older adults with weakened immunity. Arthritis and Cushing's syndrome are unrelated flu doesn't affect joints or cortisol long-term. Aortic valve prolapse involves heart structure, not infection risk. Gastritis and goiter concern the stomach and thyroid, not respiratory complications. The nurse recognizes sinusitis and otitis media as frequent flu sequelae in seniors, whose immune response and mucosal clearance decline with age, necessitating monitoring for symptoms like ear pain or sinus pressure to prevent untreated bacterial superinfections that could worsen the client's condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Antiviral prophylaxis (e.g., oseltamivir) in a nursing home during a flu outbreak aims to prevent infection amid high-risk residents and staff. Stopping after 7 days with no new cases aligns with CDC guidance, indicating the outbreak is controlled transmission risk drops when no new infections emerge over a week, roughly the flu's incubation and contagious period. No deaths in 2 days doesn't confirm outbreak end cases could persist. Five days of medication is a treatment duration, not prophylaxis, which often extends longer (e.g., 7–14 days) in outbreaks. Immunity takes weeks via vaccination, not antivirals, which only suppress viral replication. The nurse administrator ensures safety by tying cessation to epidemiological evidence of outbreak resolution, protecting this vulnerable population where flu spreads rapidly, balancing efficacy and drug exposure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For pneumonia secondary to influenza, ineffective breathing pattern is a key nursing diagnosis, reflecting lung inflammation and mucus obstructing airflow, causing shortness of breath or hypoxia central to this condition's threat. Disturbed sleep pattern fits, as coughing and discomfort disrupt rest, hindering recovery. Self-care deficit: bathing applies if weakness limits hygiene, common in severe respiratory illness. Chronic pain, implying long-term issues, doesn't match pneumonia causes acute pain (e.g., pleuritic), not chronic. The nurse prioritizes ineffective breathing due to its life-threatening potential, guiding interventions like oxygen or positioning, while addressing sleep and self-care supports holistic care, aligning with the client's acute respiratory and fatigue challenges.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Centriacinar emphysema (B) is commonly caused by smoking, affecting proximal acini while sparing distal parts, often with bronchitis'. Pan acinar (A) involves entire acini, linked to α₁-antitrypsin deficiency, not smoking alone. Distal acinar (C) occurs near fibrosis, causing pneumothorax in young adults. Irregular (D) is scarring-related, the most common overall but not smoking-specific. Choice E is false. Page 718 notes centriacinar's association with smokers neutrophil/macrophage elastase damages central lobules, creating normal-emphysematous mosaics, making B the smoking-related type.