Which of the following describes the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the flow of lymph through a lymph node draining an infected tissue follows this pathway: afferent lymphatic vessel (brings lymph into the node) → lymph node (where lymph is filtered) → efferent lymphatic vessel (carries filtered lymph out of the node). This sequence ensures that lymph containing pathogens or antigens from the infected tissue enters the lymph node for immune response activation and filtering before being circulated back into the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because it reverses the order of the lymphatic vessels, leading to the lymph node first and then out of the node. Choice B is incorrect because it introduces a venule before the lymph node, which is not part of the typical lymphatic pathway. Choice D is incorrect because it introduces an artery before the lymph node, which is not part of the lymphatic circulation pathway.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because aplastic anemia is primarily caused by autoimmune activity where cytotoxic T cells target and destroy hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. This leads to pancytopenia and hypocellular, not hypercellular, bone marrow. Choice A is incorrect because aplastic anemia is not the most common type of anemia. Choice B is incorrect because it can also be caused by factors other than medications and toxins. Choice C is incorrect as it describes the opposite of the characteristic bone marrow finding in aplastic anemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increased pulmonary congestion. In mitral stenosis, the narrowing of the mitral valve leads to reduced blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This results in pulmonary congestion, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath on exertion. Explanation for incorrect choices: B: Decreased cardiac output - While heart failure can lead to decreased cardiac output, in mitral stenosis, the primary issue is increased pressure in the left atrium, not necessarily decreased cardiac output. C: Peripheral edema - Peripheral edema is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure rather than mitral stenosis, which primarily affects the left side of the heart. D: Hypotension - Hypotension is not typically expected in mitral stenosis, as the main issue is increased pressure in the left atrium rather than decreased systemic blood pressure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Iron toxicity. Patients with sickle cell anemia often require frequent blood transfusions, which can lead to iron overload. This excess iron can accumulate in organs such as the liver, heart, and pancreas, causing toxicity. Monitoring for signs of iron toxicity is crucial to prevent organ damage. B: Vitamin B12 deficiency is not typically associated with sickle cell anemia or blood transfusions. C: Hypokalemia is not a common complication of sickle cell anemia or blood transfusions. D: Infection is a risk with blood transfusions, but the question specifically asks about complications related to sickle cell anemia and blood transfusions, making iron toxicity the most relevant concern.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension is a common adverse effect of this medication. Epoetin alfa is a medication that stimulates red blood cell production, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure. The nurse should educate the client about monitoring blood pressure regularly and reporting any signs of hypertension. Choice B is incorrect because weight loss is not a common effect of epoetin alfa. Choice C is incorrect as hair growth does not increase with this medication. Choice D is incorrect as urine output is not typically affected by epoetin alfa. The key is to focus on the medication's potential adverse effects and educate the client accordingly.