Which of the following are necessary in the work up and diagnosis of a lung abscess:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bronchoscopy (D) is necessary for lung abscess diagnosis visualizes cavities, obtains cultures (e.g., anaerobes), rules out malignancy. Bronchography (A contrast imaging) is obsolete, replaced by CT. Pulmonary angiography (B) targets vessels, not abscesses. Photoscans (C likely perfusion scans) assess embolism, not infection. Pulmonary function gauges impact, not diagnosis. Bronchoscopy's direct sampling and imaging (CT adjunct) are gold standards, key in chest nursing for guiding therapy and excluding obstruction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vincristine, a vinca alkaloid, causes peripheral neuropathy, myopathy (C) microtubule inhibition affects nerves, muscles (e.g., foot drop). Myelosuppression (A) is methotrexate. Protein defects (B) fit asparaginase. Cystitis (D) is cytoxan. Psychosis is prednisone. Vincristine's neurotoxicity is key in nursing for dose monitoring and neuropathy assessment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sternal tenderness marks acute leukemia (C) marrow infiltration (e.g., blasts >20%) causes bone pain, palpable on percussion. Rheumatoid arthritis (A) spares marrow. Mononucleosis (B) lacks bone involvement. Endocarditis (D) affects heart. Leukemia's marrow crowding is key, guiding nursing for marrow aspiration and chemotherapy prep.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sickle cell anemia crises yield recovery with recurrence (B) vaso-occlusion (e.g., pain, HbS polymerization) resolves with hydration, oxygen, but HbS persists, risking repeat (e.g., 50% recur yearly). Complete recovery (A) ignores chronicity. Splenectomy (C) is HS, not sickle. Infection (D) or aplastic crisis kills, but most recover from vaso-occlusive events. Recurrence is key, guiding nursing for analgesia and trigger avoidance.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Multiple myeloma features nitrogen retention (A renal failure), hypercalcemia (C bone lysis), proteinuria (D Bence-Jones), but not glucosuria glucose isn't excreted unless diabetic, unrelated to plasma cell dyscrasia. Hypoproteinemia (B) is rare hypergammaglobulinemia dominates. Glucosuria's absence is key, guiding nursing for renal function and calcium monitoring.