Which nutrient is most critical for preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Folic acid. Folic acid is critical for preventing neural tube defects as it is essential for proper development of the neural tube in the fetus. It helps in the formation of the baby's brain and spinal cord. Iron (A) is important for preventing anemia, not neural tube defects. Calcium (B) is crucial for bone health but not directly related to neural tube development. Vitamin D (D) is important for calcium absorption, but not specifically for preventing neural tube defects. Overall, folic acid stands out as the most critical nutrient for this purpose.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Maternal HIV infection. Breastfeeding is contraindicated in mothers with HIV due to the risk of transmission to the infant through breast milk. HIV can be transmitted through breast milk even if the mother is on antiretroviral therapy. Maternal diabetes, anemia, and hypertension are not contraindications for breastfeeding as long as they are well managed. Breastfeeding is actually beneficial in managing diabetes and anemia. Hypertensive mothers can breastfeed unless there are complications that require specific medications that may be unsafe for the infant.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hepatitis B. Newborns are typically administered the Hepatitis B vaccine within the first 24 hours of birth to prevent transmission from infected mothers. This early vaccination helps protect infants from a potentially serious viral infection. The other choices are incorrect because BCG is usually given for tuberculosis, OPV is an oral polio vaccine, and Measles vaccination is typically given at a later age. Administering Hepatitis B vaccine to newborns is a crucial preventive measure against a common viral infection transmitted from mother to child.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To prevent bleeding disorders. Newborns have low levels of Vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Administering Vitamin K at birth helps prevent a rare but serious condition called Vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Choice A is incorrect because Vitamin K does not prevent jaundice. Choice B is incorrect as Vitamin K does not boost the immune system. Choice D is incorrect as Vitamin K does not enhance bone development. Administering Vitamin K to newborns is crucial for preventing bleeding issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administering oral rehydration solution. This is the appropriate method for treating dehydration in infants because it helps replace lost fluids and electrolytes effectively. Oral rehydration solution contains the right balance of water, salts, and sugars needed to rehydrate the infant. It is safe and easy for infants to consume. Providing fruit juice (B) is not recommended as it may contain too much sugar and not enough electrolytes. Increasing milk intake (C) can worsen dehydration due to difficulty digesting milk during dehydration. Administering antibiotics (D) is not necessary for dehydration treatment as it does not address the primary issue of fluid and electrolyte loss.