Which nursing assessment would indicate that the patient is performing diaphragmatic breathing correctly?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct diaphragmatic breathing is confirmed when hands on the rib cage borders touch as the chest wall contracts during exhalation. This reflects the diaphragm's upward movement, pushing air out, while inhalation separates fingers as the diaphragm descends, expanding the abdomen. Chest wall hand placement showing separation on contraction suggests shallow breathing, not diaphragmatic. Feeling upward diaphragm movement during inspiration or downward during expiration reverses normal mechanics diaphragm moves down to inhale, up to exhale. This tactile feedback, taught by the nurse, ensures deep, effective breaths, preventing atelectasis by maximizing lung expansion, a key postoperative recovery skill.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A coronary artery bypass graft, a major procedure, requires intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring immediately post-op due to prolonged anesthesia and risks like arrhythmias or bleeding. ICU provides advanced oversight (e.g., cardiac monitoring) beyond a medical-surgical unit's capacity. Ambulatory settings suit minor surgeries, not this complexity. The nurse's expectation ensures critical care, aligning with standards for high-risk postoperative recovery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Obligate anaerobes are microorganisms that cannot utilize oxygen for growth and find it toxic, thriving instead in oxygen-free environments. 'Obligate anaerobes,' is correct because these organisms, like Clostridium botulinum, lack the enzymes (e.g., catalase) to neutralize oxygen's reactive byproducts, making oxygen lethal to them. 'Obligate aerobes,' require oxygen for survival, the opposite of the question's description. 'Aerotolerant anaerobes,' can tolerate oxygen but don't use it, differing from being harmed by it. 'Facultative aerobes,' can switch between oxygen and anaerobic metabolism, adapting to its presence. The defining trait here is oxygen's toxicity, not mere avoidance, aligning with obligate anaerobes' biological characteristics, as seen in microbiology studies of anaerobic bacteria, making B the precise answer over the others.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Flash memory is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data without power, commonly used in USB drives and SSDs. 'Secondary storage,' is correct because it serves as an external, long-term storage medium, distinct from a computer's primary memory (RAM), per computer architecture definitions (e.g., Tanenbaum's Structured Computer Organization). 'Input unit,' like keyboards, facilitates data entry, not storage. 'Output unit,' like monitors, displays data, not stores it. 'Internal storage,' typically refers to RAM or cache, which are volatile and primary, unlike flash's non-volatile nature. Flash memory's role in portable, persistent storage—supplementing rather than replacing internal memory—makes D the accurate classification, aligning with its widespread use in modern computing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Informed consent is a legal and ethical process ensuring patients understand and agree to treatment. 'Patient can revoke consent even if he has been booked for surgery,' is correct because consent is voluntary and revocable at any time, per healthcare law (e.g., Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 1914). 'It can be obtained from a minor,' is false; minors typically require guardian consent unless emancipated. 'It is the duty of the Nurse to obtain consent,' is incorrect; physicians usually secure it, though nurses witness. 'It can be implied for any invasive procedure,' is wrong; implied consent applies only in emergencies. The patient's right to withdraw consent reflects autonomy, making C the accurate answer, grounded in legal precedents.