ATI LPN
Questions on the Respiratory System Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The cardiac conduction system sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers provides the path for electrical excitation, pacing the heartbeat from SA node initiation through ventricular contraction. The systemic circuit is blood flow, not conduction. Intercalated discs connect fibers, not a network. The cardiovascular center in the medulla regulates rate, not the path. This system's specialized fibers ensure rapid, orderly spread, critical for synchronized pumping, a cornerstone of cardiac physiology and target in conduction disorders like heart block.
Question 2 of 5
The saclike structure around the heart is the:
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The pericardium, a saclike structure, encases the heart fibrous pericardium anchors it, serous layers (parietal, visceral/epicardium) reduce friction. The epicardium is the heart's outer layer within this sac, myocardium the muscle, endocardium the inner lining. This sac's dual role protection, lubrication is vital, key in pericardial diseases like tamponade, a fundamental cardiac enclosure in anatomy.
Question 3 of 5
Of the four parts of respiration, the part when oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the body's tissue cells, is:
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Internal respiration (D) is the O₂ and CO₂ exchange between blood and tissue cells, per the key. Pulmonary ventilation (A) moves air into lungs (e.g., 6-8 L/min at rest). External respiration (B) occurs in alveoli. Transport of respiratory gases (C) is blood-mediated (e.g., 98% O₂ on Hb). At tissues, O₂ unloads (PvO₂ ≈40 mmHg) to cells, and CO₂ (PvCO₂ ≈46 mmHg) enters blood, per Bohr effect (pH shift). This cellular gas swap vital for metabolism (e.g., 250 mL/min O₂ use) defines D, contrasting with A's airflow, B's lung focus, or C's transit role, making internal respiration the tissue-specific process.
Question 4 of 5
What explanation should the nurse give to a client and family regarding the development of COPD in a young adult?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (A) causes early COPD (document: 1), per ATS 1% of cases, onset <40 years. AAT protects alveoli from elastase; deficiency (e.g., ZZ genotype) yields panacinar emphysema. Childhood smoking (B) or secondhand smoke (C) accelerates COPD but typically later (50s). Smokeless tobacco (D) affects oral health, not lungs. A's genetic basis AAT <11 μmol/L explains rapid destruction (FEV₠<50%), distinguishing it from B's or C's environmental latency.
Question 5 of 5
A client newly diagnosed with asthma has infrequent acute episodes. The nurse should teach the client that which medication is most effective for providing quick relief in acute episodes?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Short-acting beta-agonist (SABA, e.g., albuterol) (B) relieves acute asthma fast, per document (implied 2). SABAs relax bronchial smooth muscle (FEVâ‚ up 15% in 5 min), easing dyspnea (RR <20). Corticosteroids (A) reduce inflammation long-term, not acutely. Anti-inflammatories (C) prevent, not relieve. Daily bronchodilators (D) are maintenance. B's rapid onset peak 30 min distinguishes it from A's delay, per GINA guidelines.