Which level of health facility is the usual point of entry for a client into the healthcare delivery system?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary. Primary health facilities, such as clinics or community health centers, are the usual point of entry for clients into the healthcare system. They provide basic healthcare services and act as the first contact for individuals seeking medical care. Clients typically start their healthcare journey at the primary level for initial diagnosis, treatment, and preventive services. Secondary, intermediate, and tertiary facilities offer more specialized and advanced care, but the primary level serves as the foundation for the healthcare delivery system. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they represent higher levels of care that are typically accessed after initial assessment and treatment at the primary level.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because health education and community organizing are essential components of community health nursing, aligning with the concept of developmental service. Health education promotes individual and community empowerment, while community organizing fosters partnerships and collaboration for sustainable health outcomes. Now, let's analyze why the other choices are incorrect: A: While personal and professional development is important for a community health nurse, it does not directly illustrate the developmental service aspect of community health nursing. C: Health promotion, prevention, and treatment of disease are important aspects of community health nursing, but they do not specifically highlight the developmental service nature. D: Providing nursing services in people's residences is a common practice in community health nursing, but it does not directly relate to the developmental service aspect emphasized by Freeman and Heinrich.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Establishing the epidemic. During this stage, comparing the present disease frequency with the usual frequency helps determine if there is a significant increase, indicating an epidemic. This step is crucial for recognizing and confirming the outbreak. Testing the hypothesis (B) comes after the epidemic is established. Formulation of the hypothesis (C) involves developing a theory based on observations, not comparing frequencies. Appraisal of facts (D) occurs after data collection, not during the initial comparison.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The primary purpose of conducting an epidemiologic investigation is to delineate the etiology of the epidemic. This involves studying the causes and risk factors contributing to the outbreak of the disease. Understanding the etiology helps in developing prevention and control strategies. Other choices are incorrect because encouraging cooperation and support of the community (B) and identifying groups at risk (C) are important outcomes but not the primary purpose of the investigation. Similarly, identifying geographical locations of disease cases (D) is essential for mapping the spread but not the main objective of determining the cause.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Swaroop's index. Swaroop's index measures the proportion of deaths occurring after a certain age, typically 70 years old, providing a more accurate assessment of longevity than just reaching the average lifespan. Age-specific mortality rate (A) focuses on mortality at specific age groups, not overall longevity. Proportionate mortality rate (B) measures the proportion of deaths from a specific cause, not overall longevity. Case fatality rate (D) is the proportion of deaths from a specific disease, not a measure of overall longevity. In summary, Swaroop's index is the most appropriate statistic for assessing longevity beyond just reaching the average lifespan.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Efficiency. Efficiency refers to achieving the desired outcome with minimal waste of resources. In implementing Ligtas Tigdas, evaluating efficiency involves assessing how well resources such as time, money, and manpower were utilized to achieve the goal of preventing measles. Effectiveness (Choice A) focuses on the outcome achieved, not necessarily the resources used. Adequacy (Choice C) evaluates whether resources were sufficient but doesn't consider waste. Appropriateness (Choice D) pertains to the suitability of resources but doesn't directly address resource utilization. Thus, Efficiency is the most accurate choice for evaluating whether resources were maximized in implementing Ligtas Tigdas.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because in community-based nursing, conducting a community diagnosis is crucial to identify the specific nursing needs and problems of the community. This helps in planning and implementing appropriate interventions. Choice A is incorrect as providing services in the natural environment is a characteristic of community health nursing, not community-based practice specifically. Choice C is incorrect because community-based practice focuses on utilizing resources beyond just those available within the community. Choice D is incorrect as priority setting is based on the identified needs, not just the magnitude of health problems.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Home visit. This type of family-nurse contact offers the best opportunity to observe family dynamics as it allows the nurse to witness interactions, relationships, and environment firsthand. During a home visit, the nurse can observe family members' roles, communication patterns, living conditions, and support systems, providing valuable insights into their dynamics. A: Clinic consultation limits observation to a brief encounter in a controlled setting. B: Group conferences involve multiple families, making it challenging to focus on individual family dynamics. D: Written communication lacks the depth and richness of in-person interactions needed to observe family dynamics accurately.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary. Primary health facilities, such as clinics or community health centers, are the usual point of entry for clients into the healthcare system. They provide basic healthcare services and act as the first contact for individuals seeking medical care. Clients typically start their healthcare journey at the primary level for initial diagnosis, treatment, and preventive services. Secondary, intermediate, and tertiary facilities offer more specialized and advanced care, but the primary level serves as the foundation for the healthcare delivery system. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they represent higher levels of care that are typically accessed after initial assessment and treatment at the primary level.