Which instruction should the nurse provide to a client who has pneumonia and is being discharged for home care? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fluid intake (A), avoiding smoke (B), and rest (C) aid pneumonia recovery per the document (A, B, C). A thins mucus (2-3 L/day). B prevents ciliary damage. C reduces Oâ‚‚ demand. Disinfecting (D) is less relevant post-discharge; masks are situational. A's priority hydration eases expectoration of consolidated sputum (e.g., 50-100 mL), distinguishing it as the key instruction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Air enters the lungs via the mouth and nose, passing through the pharynx, larynx, trachea (windpipe), and bronchi. The esophagus and gullet handle food, not air confusing them with airways is anatomically incorrect. 'Windpipe and pores' misrepresents skin's role; respiration isn't cutaneous in humans. The nervous system controls breathing, not air entry. This oral-nasal pathway filters and conditions air, a basic respiratory process, ensuring lung protection and efficient gas exchange, a fundamental concept in airway anatomy and clinical airway management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pectinate muscles, muscular ridges on the right atrium's anterior wall and auricles, enhance atrial contraction and surface area, aiding blood flow to the ventricle. Trabeculae carneae are ventricular ridges, not atrial. Coronary sulci are external grooves, not muscles. Papillary muscles anchor valves in ventricles, not atria. Named for their comb-like appearance, pectinate muscles distinguish the right atrium from the smoother left, a structural feature boosting atrial efficiency, key in understanding chamber-specific anatomy and atrial function in the cardiac cycle.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cardiac muscle has the most mitochondria per cell, reflecting its relentless energy demand beating nonstop, it relies on aerobic metabolism, rich in mitochondria for ATP production from oxygen and nutrients. Smooth muscle, in vessels or gut, has fewer, suited to slower, sustained action. Skeletal muscle varies more in endurance fibers, less in sprinters but averages below cardiac. 'Same number' ignores specialization. Cardiac cells' mitochondrial density (up to 35% of volume) supports constant work, a hallmark of its design, key in heart failure where energy deficits impair function.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The medulla oblongata houses the cardiovascular center, regulating heart rate via autonomic outputs parasympathetic (vagus) slows it, sympathetic accelerates it, responding to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. The midbrain handles reflexes, not rate. The cerebrum governs higher functions, not direct control. The cerebellum coordinates movement, not heart. The medulla's integration of blood pressure and CO2 data ensures homeostasis, a vital autonomic hub, critical in conditions like brain stem injury where rate control fails, affecting survival.