Which foods should be included in a balanced diet as a good source of roughage?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: fresh fruits and vegetables. Roughage, also known as dietary fiber, is essential for digestive health. Fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber, promoting healthy digestion, preventing constipation, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Red meat and poultry (choice A) are good sources of protein but lack fiber. Eggs and milk products (choice C) are also protein-rich but low in fiber. Animal fat and plant oil (choice D) are high in fats but do not provide fiber. Therefore, fresh fruits and vegetables are the best choice for including roughage in a balanced diet.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Decreased urine production allows the body to conserve water. When an athlete sweats a lot during a long-distance run on a hot day, the body loses water through sweat. To prevent dehydration, the kidneys reduce urine production, allowing the body to retain more water. This helps maintain proper hydration levels and prevent water loss. Rationale: A: Decreased urine production does not directly impact amino acids in the blood. Amino acids are primarily regulated by protein metabolism and dietary intake. B: Increased urine production does not specifically target the removal of amino acids produced during exercise. Amino acids are typically metabolized and used for energy or protein synthesis. D: Increased urine production does not help more water remain in the bloodstream. Excess water is typically excreted to maintain fluid balance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: kidney. The nephron is the structural unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and processing blood to produce urine. The kidney's primary function is to regulate water and electrolyte balance in the body. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the nephron is not found in the lung, liver, or intestine. Each of these organs has its own specialized structures and functions unrelated to the nephron's role in kidney function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Duodenal ulcer. The patient's symptoms of pain relieved by food intake and waking up at night with stomach pain are classic signs of a duodenal ulcer. The pain is alleviated by neutralizing gastric acid with food and worsens when the stomach is empty. Gastric ulcers typically worsen with food intake and are associated with weight loss. Esophageal ulcers present with difficulty swallowing and chest pain. Refractory ulcers are those that do not heal despite treatment. Therefore, based on the patient's symptoms, a duodenal ulcer is the most likely diagnosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs are commonly used to reduce stomach acid in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease by inhibiting the proton pump in the gastric parietal cells. This reduces the production of stomach acid, allowing the ulcer to heal. Aspirin and ibuprofen can actually worsen peptic ulcers by irritating the stomach lining. Acetaminophen is not used to reduce stomach acid and does not directly treat peptic ulcers.