Which food is most important for the nurse to encourage a client with osteomalacia to include in a daily diet?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fortified milk and cereal are most important for a client with osteomalacia, a condition of softened bones due to vitamin D deficiency. These foods are rich in vitamin D and calcium, essential for bone mineralization and strength. Green leafy vegetables provide calcium but less vitamin D, red meat/eggs offer protein but minimal vitamin D, and citrus fruits supply vitamin C, not directly addressing osteomalacia's cause. Fortified products directly correct the deficiency, making them the priority dietary recommendation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule are specialized for acid-base homeostasis. They exist in two types: Type A secretes hydrogen ions (H⁺) into the tubular lumen to correct acidosis, while Type B secretes bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) to correct alkalosis. This active regulation of blood pH distinguishes them from principal cells, which handle sodium and water balance under aldosterone and ADH influence. Juxtaglomerular cells and podocytes are not in the collecting tubule, making B the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule maintain acid-base balance by secreting H⁺ (Type A) or HCO₃⁻ (Type B) into the tubular lumen, adjusting blood pH in response to acidosis or alkalosis. Juxtaglomerular cells regulate GFR via renin, principal cells manage water and Na⁺ balance, and macula densa cells sense tubular fluid composition, not directly affecting acid-base balance, making C the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When urination is inconvenient, the brain (pons and cortex) sends inhibitory signals via descending spinal pathways to suppress the sacral micturition reflex. This overrides pelvic nerve-mediated detrusor contraction and reinforces pudendal nerve control of the external sphincter, delaying voiding until appropriate, making A (True) correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus by magnocellular neurons. It's then transported to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) for storage and release. The posterior pituitary (A, D) doesn't synthesize it, and the anterior pituitary (B) produces other hormones, making C correct.