Which approach to problem-solving tests any number of solutions until one is found that works for that particular problem?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Trial and error involves systematically testing multiple solutions until an effective one is identified, often used when the problem's nature is unclear or lacks a predefined approach. This method relies on persistence, as each unsuccessful attempt narrows down options until success is achieved, making it practical for unique or complex issues. In nursing, trial and error might apply to adjusting interventions when standard protocols fail, such as finding the best position to alleviate a patient's discomfort. Intuition relies on instinct rather than testing, lacking the systematic nature of trial and error. Routine implies following established habits, not exploring new solutions. The scientific method, while systematic, involves hypothesis testing and experimentation, not the broad testing of solutions typical of trial and error. Thus, trial and error stands out as the approach that tests numerous possibilities until one works, aligning perfectly with the question's description.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Assessment's purpose is to establish a client database, collecting subjective (e.g., pain) and objective (e.g., vitals) data to inform care. This foundation drives diagnosis and planning e.g., noting dyspnea guides asthma management. Implementing care occurs later, in the implementation phase, not assessment, which gathers data first. Delegating responsibility is managerial, not assessment's aim focused on client, not tasks. Teaching about health uses assessment findings but isn't its purpose; education follows data collection. By building a comprehensive profile, assessment ensures nurses understand needs fully, making it the critical starting point for tailored, effective care in the nursing process.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Using a needle to withdraw urine from the catheter port maintains the closed system's sterility, collecting a fresh, uncontaminated sample for testing (e.g., culture). Disconnecting the catheter risks introducing bacteria, breaking asepsis and increasing infection odds. A urinometer measures volume, not a specimen source irrelevant here. Opening the drainage bag yields old, potentially contaminated urine, unfit for sterile analysis. The port method, with sterile syringe and technique, aligns with infection control guidelines (e.g., CDC), ensuring diagnostic accuracy and patient safety, making it the standard nursing practice for this task.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Orem's Self-Care Theory includes maintaining sufficient air intake as a universal self-care requisite.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Auscultation listens to air movement in the respiratory tract.