Which adverse reaction should the nurse include in teaching a client who has received the influenza vaccine?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A sore muscle at the injection site is a common adverse reaction to the influenza vaccine, occurring due to local inflammation from the needle and immune response activation. It's typically mild, lasting a day or two, and aligns with expected side effects reported by the CDC. Rhinorrhea and low-grade fever are more associated with the live attenuated nasal spray vaccine, not the inactivated injectable form most adults receive. Hives and numbness suggest an allergic reaction, which is rare and requires immediate attention, not routine teaching. Malaise and myalgia can occur but are less frequent and specific than injection-site soreness. The nurse includes this reaction in teaching to prepare the client for a normal, self-limiting response, reducing anxiety and ensuring they distinguish it from severe symptoms needing medical follow-up, promoting vaccine acceptance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most effective health promotion for seniors to prevent influenza and pneumonia is getting an annual flu vaccine. It primes immunity against prevalent strains, reducing infection risk by up to 60% when matched, and lowers pneumonia odds a common flu complication in older adults with waning immunity. Exercise boosts general health but doesn't target flu-specific prevention. Hand washing curbs germ spread but lacks the proactive immunity of vaccination. Avoiding crowds reduces exposure yet isn't as reliable or comprehensive as the vaccine, especially for community-dwellers. The nurse emphasizes this annual shot, often high-dose for seniors, as the gold standard, per CDC, offering direct protection against flu's severe outcomes, critical for this high-risk group's respiratory health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In ARDS, alveolar walls are lined with waxy hyaline membranes (A), resembling surfactant insufficiency in preterm infants'. Choice B is false; initial damage targets capillary endothelium, later affecting epithelium. Choice C is incorrect; the exudate leads to intra-alveolar fibrosis, not resolution. Choice D is wrong; chest X-rays are often normal initially, showing infiltrates later. Choice E (neutrophil-mediated) is true but not listed. Page 716 details hyaline membranes protein-rich debris from necrosis as a hallmark, driven by neutrophil mediators (e.g., ROS), distinguishing A as the consistent feature over B's epithelial focus or C's resolution.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Atopic asthma (C) is the most common type, driven by allergens'. Choice A is false; asthma has increased in the Western world over 30 years. Choice B is incorrect; intrinsic asthma is non-allergic (e.g., viral), while extrinsic is allergen-induced. Choice D is wrong; T_H2 cells (not T_H1) dominate, promoting IgE via IL-4/IL-13 (T_H1 inhibits). Choice E (bronchiolitis obliterans) is bronchitis-related. Page 723 confirms C's prevalence atopy's IgE-mediated hypersensitivity underlies most cases, unlike A's trend or D's cell error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Squamous metaplasia of the bronchi (D) is not a typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lung feature. Choice A (chronic pleuritis) is common. Choice B (interstitial pneumonitis/fibrosis) affects 40% of RA patients. Choice C (rheumatoid nodules) occurs in lung parenchyma. Choice E (pulmonary hypertension) is secondary. Page 731 lists RA's lung effects pleural, interstitial, and nodular but bronchial metaplasia, tied to smoking or bronchitis, isn't RA-specific, making D the exception.