When you're in formal situation and you can't go to bathroom, but your bladder is full, what will happen?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When delaying urination despite a full bladder, the brain inhibits the micturition reflex by activating somatic control via the pudendal nerve, which maintains external urethral sphincter contraction. The pelvic nerve (parasympathetic) drives detrusor contraction, hypogastric nerve (sympathetic) relaxes it, but pudendal inhibition prevents voiding, making B correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In bicarbonate buffering, excess H⁺ binds with HCO₃⁻ to form H₂CO₃ (C), which then dissociates into CO₂ and H₂O (A), exhaled by lungs. This sequence neutralizes acid. HCO₃⁻ isn't converted to H₂CO₃ first (B), and ‘all' (D) ignores order, making C the correct initial step.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anger in a new cancer diagnosis reflects grief or fear. Directing the discussion and validating emotions (C) (e.g., 'I see you're upset, let's talk about it') de-escalates tension without false promises. Time alone (A) may isolate, peer talks (B) lack control, and social work (D) delays immediate response, making C the best approach.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Calcium channel blockers typically reduce bladder contractility, potentially causing retention, not increased elimination (C), warranting education. Diuretics (A), anticholinergics (B), and alpha blockers (D) are correct, as they respectively increase output, reduce urgency, and improve flow, making C the inaccurate statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The macula densa senses NaCl delivery (A), signals renin release when low (B), triggering angiotensin II and aldosterone (C). All are true—NaCl sensing adjusts GFR, low delivery prompts renin, leading to systemic effects—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.