When providing perineal care for a female patient, what technique should the nurse follow?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cleansing from front to back during perineal care for a female patient prevents contamination by keeping fecal bacteria away from the urethra, reducing UTI risk a key hygiene principle. Back-to-front spreads pathogens, increasing infection likelihood. Cold water discomforts and doesn't clean better lukewarm is ideal. Avoiding soap neglects thoroughness; mild cleansers remove debris safely. Nurses use this directional technique with gentle wiping to maintain cleanliness and protect urinary health, especially in incontinent or dependent patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Keeping the catheter bag above the bladder ensures proper hygiene by preventing urine backflow, reducing infection risk a key catheter care principle. Weekly emptying allows bacterial growth and overflow, unhygienic and unsafe. Keeping it above the bladder (corrected from the original intent) avoids reflux below is standard; frequent disconnection breaches sterility, inviting germs. Securing tubing aids comfort but isn't hygiene-focused. Nurses maintain a closed system, position the bag low, and clean daily, safeguarding urinary health effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Opening sterile packages away from the sterile field maintains sterility by preventing contamination from hands or breath, ensuring the dressing stays germ-free for wound application. Reused gloves or unwashed hands introduce pathogens, risking infection. Dryness depends on wound type moist healing is often ideal, not avoided. Nurses set up a clean zone, open packs outward, and apply with sterile gloves, following aseptic technique to protect healing tissue, a critical step in wound care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Illness is not a determinant of health but a result or outcome of health status, unlike income, gender, and social status, which shape health opportunities and risks. Determinants are upstream factors e.g., income affects access to care, gender influences disease patterns, and social status impacts stress or resources that influence well-being before illness occurs. Illness, like cancer, emerges from these, not vice versa. Health care aides must grasp this to address root causes (e.g., poverty's effect on nutrition) rather than just symptoms, informing holistic care. Confusing outcomes with determinants could skew assessments, missing chances to support clients proactively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mrs. Smith is using Determinants of Health factors like income, education, or social support to evaluate and improve her well-being holistically. Job description is work-specific, not life-wide. Self-esteem is an outcome, not a framework. Cultural practices are one determinant, not the full scope. These determinants (e.g., environment, genetics) shape health, and her plan reflects this broad lens. Health care aides use this concept to understand clients' contexts e.g., poverty's impact supporting tailored changes, not just treating symptoms, aligning with her proactive, comprehensive approach.