What statement by a nursing student demonstrates a correct understanding of how pathological factors affect urinary elimination?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Elevated parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption, contributing to kidney stones (A), a correct pathological effect. Hypothyroidism slows metabolism (B), nephrotic syndrome loses proteins into urine (C), and acute kidney injury reduces output (D), making A the accurate understanding.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Keeping the drainage tubing and bag below the bladder (D) uses gravity to ensure continuous urine flow, preventing reflux and infection, a universal Foley care principle. Level positioning (A) hinders drainage, Neosporin irrigation (B) isn't routine and risks resistance, and clamping (C) disrupts flow and bladder function, making D the primary, evidence-based intervention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The PCT has simple cuboidal epithelium (D) with microvilli for reabsorption. Stratified squamous (A) is in skin, transitional (B) in bladder, and ciliated columnar (C) in airways, making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Aldosterone increases Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion (D), reducing urine volume by retaining water. Decreased K⁺ (A), increased Na⁺ (B), or more output (C) oppose this, making D correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Resolved edema (C) shows treatment success in glomerulonephritis, as it reduces proteinuria and fluid retention. No dysuria (A) or nitrites (B) is expected (no UTI), and ASO titers (D) remain elevated post-infection, making C the key indicator.