What is the recommended duration for exclusive breastfeeding according to the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 6 months. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by WHO for the first 6 months of a baby's life. This is because breast milk provides all the essential nutrients and antibodies needed for a baby's optimal growth and development during this critical period. Introducing other foods or liquids before 6 months can increase the risk of infections and allergies in infants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the WHO guidelines for exclusive breastfeeding duration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Children aged 1-4 years. This age group is most vulnerable to PEM due to their rapid growth and development, high energy requirements, and dependency on caregivers for nutrition. Infants below 6 months are typically protected by breast milk, adolescents have lower risk due to fewer growth demands, and elderly are more at risk for other types of malnutrition. Therefore, children aged 1-4 years are the most vulnerable to PEM.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hepatitis A. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogens that are transmitted through contaminated water. Hepatitis A is a viral infection that spreads through the consumption of contaminated water or food. It affects the liver and is commonly associated with poor sanitation and hygiene. Influenza, Measles, and Tuberculosis are not waterborne diseases. Influenza and Measles are viral infections spread through respiratory droplets, while Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the air. Hepatitis A is the only choice that aligns with the definition of a waterborne disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To boost the immune system. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system by supporting the production and function of white blood cells. This helps the body fight off infections and illnesses. Administering Vitamin A to children can help prevent deficiencies and strengthen their immune response. Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect: A: Vitamin D is more closely associated with improving bone health, not Vitamin A. C: Cognitive development is primarily influenced by nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids, rather than Vitamin A. D: Anemia is usually prevented by iron supplementation, not Vitamin A.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months provides complete nutrition for the infant, meeting all their dietary needs. Breast milk contains essential nutrients and antibodies that support healthy growth and development. It also helps to strengthen the baby's immune system and reduce the risk of infections. Ensuring complete nutrition through breastfeeding is crucial for optimal health outcomes in the early stages of life. Preventing childhood obesity, increasing the risk of allergies, and delaying cognitive development are not directly linked to exclusive breastfeeding and are therefore incorrect choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Community participation. This is a key principle of Primary Health Care (PHC) as it emphasizes involving communities in decision-making, planning, and implementation of healthcare services. Community participation ensures that healthcare services are culturally appropriate, accessible, and meet the specific needs of the population. It also promotes empowerment and ownership of health initiatives within the community. Centralized health planning (A) goes against the decentralized and community-focused approach of PHC. Focus on specialized care (C) contradicts the comprehensive and holistic nature of PHC. High technology healthcare (D) may not always be feasible or accessible in resource-limited settings, which is a key consideration in PHC implementation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Poliomyelitis. The EPI targets diseases for eradication through vaccination programs. Polio is a priority due to its devastating effects and the effectiveness of the polio vaccine. Hepatitis B (A) is not currently targeted for eradication. Diphtheria (B) and Tuberculosis (D) are controlled through vaccination and treatment but are not targeted for global eradication efforts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 6 months. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by WHO for the first 6 months of a baby's life. This is because breast milk provides all the essential nutrients and antibodies needed for a baby's optimal growth and development during this critical period. Introducing other foods or liquids before 6 months can increase the risk of infections and allergies in infants. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the WHO guidelines for exclusive breastfeeding duration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Malaria. Malaria is an example of a vector-borne disease because it is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito acts as a vector, carrying and transmitting the infectious agent (Plasmodium parasite) from one host to another. Measles (A), Tuberculosis (B), and Hepatitis B (D) are not vector-borne diseases. Measles is transmitted through respiratory droplets, Tuberculosis through airborne particles, and Hepatitis B through contact with infected blood or body fluids.