What is the primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Airborne. Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air via droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets contain the bacteria that cause TB, which can then be inhaled by others and infect their lungs. This mode of transmission is supported by scientific evidence and is the most common way TB spreads. Choice A: Vector-borne is incorrect because tuberculosis is not transmitted by insects or animals. Choice C: Waterborne is incorrect as TB is not typically spread through contaminated water. Choice D: Fecal-oral is incorrect since TB bacteria are not typically found in feces and transmitted through oral ingestion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct action is to delay the immunization until the fever subsides. This is because administering a vaccine during a fever may affect the body's immune response and efficacy of the vaccine. Giving a lower dose (choice C) may not provide adequate protection. Administering an antipyretic (choice D) may temporarily reduce fever but does not address the underlying illness causing the fever. Administering the vaccine as scheduled (choice A) can be harmful and is not recommended when the child has a fever.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The purpose of a community needs assessment is to identify and prioritize the health needs of a community as a whole, not individual health conditions. This process helps in understanding the specific issues affecting the community and guides the development of effective intervention strategies. Evaluating treatment plans or providing emergency medical services is not the primary goal of a needs assessment. Therefore, option B is correct as it aligns with the main objective of assessing community health needs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus. MMR vaccine is made from weakened live viruses of measles, mumps, and rubella. When administered, the body develops an immune response without causing the disease. Choice A, Hepatitis B vaccine, is a subunit vaccine. Choice B, Inactivated polio vaccine, is a killed virus vaccine. Choice D, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DPT) vaccine, is a toxoid vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines provide stronger and longer-lasting immunity as they mimic natural infection without causing illness.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To gather data on health status and needs. The primary purpose of conducting a health survey in a community is to systematically collect information on the health of the population, identify health issues, assess needs, and guide healthcare planning. This data helps in developing effective public health interventions and policies. Choice A (To provide medical treatment to individuals) is incorrect because health surveys focus on population-level data collection, not individual treatment. Choice C (To distribute health education materials) is incorrect as the primary purpose of a health survey is data collection, not distribution of materials. Choice D (To perform laboratory tests) is incorrect because health surveys typically involve collecting information through questionnaires and interviews, rather than conducting laboratory tests.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Community-wide health promotion and disease prevention. Community health nursing focuses on promoting health and preventing diseases within the community as a whole through education, advocacy, and collaboration. This includes addressing social determinants of health and implementing population-based interventions. Choice A is incorrect because community health nursing goes beyond individual patient care. Choice B is incorrect as it is more focused on acute care within hospital settings. Choice D is incorrect as it pertains to specialized medical treatment rather than the broader scope of community health nursing. In summary, the primary focus of community health nursing is on improving the health of the entire community through preventative measures and health promotion initiatives.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Weight monitoring is crucial to assess maternal health and fetal growth. Step 2: Blood pressure measurement helps detect and manage hypertension in pregnancy. Step 3: Nutritional counseling ensures proper intake of nutrients for maternal and fetal well-being. Step 4: All components (A, B, C) are essential for a comprehensive antenatal care program to address different aspects of maternal and fetal health. Thus, D is the correct answer. Weight monitoring, blood pressure measurement, and nutritional counseling are all vital components of antenatal care to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 12 months. The first dose of the MMR vaccine is typically administered at 12 months of age because this is when a child's immune system is more developed to respond effectively to the vaccine. Administering it earlier may not provide adequate protection. Choice A (At birth) is incorrect because newborns have maternal antibodies that can interfere with the vaccine's efficacy. Choice B (6 months) is too early as infants need time to develop their immune system. Choice D (18 months) is also incorrect as delaying the vaccine may leave the child vulnerable to diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: To provide immunizations to all children. The primary aim of the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is to ensure that all children receive essential vaccinations to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases. This program focuses on increasing vaccination coverage and reaching all children, especially those in underserved populations. Providing immunizations to all children helps in reducing the spread of infectious diseases and contributes to overall public health. Incorrect choices: A: To eliminate non-communicable diseases - This is not the primary aim of EPI. EPI primarily focuses on preventing communicable diseases through vaccinations. B: To increase hospital bed capacity - This is not the primary goal of EPI. Increasing hospital bed capacity is related to healthcare infrastructure, not vaccination programs. D: To train more healthcare workers - While training healthcare workers is important for delivering immunizations, it is not the primary aim of EPI. The main goal is to provide vaccinations to all children.