What is the primary function of glomerular filtration in the process of urine formation?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glomerular filtration's primary function is filtering blood to form an initial filtrate (C), passing water, electrolytes, and waste into Bowman's capsule while retaining proteins and cells. Reabsorption (A) and ion transport (B) occur in tubules, and pH regulation (D) is a broader kidney role, making C the specific glomerular step.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nonvolatile acids (e.g., sulfuric, phosphoric) arise from metabolism and protein breakdown (D), requiring renal excretion. They must be eliminated (A is false), volatile acids (COâ‚‚) exceed them (B is false), and bone buffers partially (C is false), making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The bladder lies posterior to the pubic symphysis (D), a key anatomical position. It has smooth muscle (detrusor), not skeletal (A), connects to the urethra, not ureter (B), and is innervated by pelvic nerves, not cranial XI (C), making D the correct feature.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Glucose is filtered at the glomerulus and fully reabsorbed in the PCT (B), not secreted, under normal conditions. Secretion (A, C) or no reabsorption (D) occurs only in pathology (e.g., diabetes), making B correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Amino acids (B) are reabsorbed in the PCT, not secreted, to conserve nutrients. Organic acids (A), bases (C), and creatinine (D) are secreted to eliminate waste, making B the exception.