What is the denervation of the afferent supply to the urinary bladder characterized by?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Denervation of the afferent supply to the urinary bladder, as in conditions like Tabes Dorsalis, interrupts sensory input from stretch receptors. This results in loss of bladder sensations (e.g., urge to void) and reflex micturition, though smooth muscle retains intrinsic tone (atonic bladder). Urine retention with overflow (dribbling) occurs, distinguishing it from hypertonic or spastic states seen with efferent damage, making B the correct characterization.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the ascending Loop of Henle, Na⁺ reabsorption varies: the thin ascending limb reabsorbs Na⁺ and Cl⁻ passively due to concentration gradients, while the thick ascending limb uses active transport via the Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ cotransporter, diluting the filtrate. This dual mechanism distinguishes it from all passive (A) or all active (B), making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Compensated metabolic alkalosis involves high HCO₃⁻ (e.g., from vomiting) raising pH, with respiratory compensation increasing PCO₂ via hypoventilation to normalize pH. High PCO₂, high HCO₃⁻, and high (near-normal) pH (D) reflect this. Low PCO₂ (A, B) suggests respiratory alkalosis, and low pH (C) indicates acidosis, making D correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Jean Watson's theory of human caring emphasizes caring as the essence of nursing, focusing on holistic, patient-centered relationships, aligning with feedback valuing caring. Erikson (A) addresses development, Maslow (B) needs hierarchy, and Rogers (C) client-centered therapy, but Watson (D) directly supports caring as a framework.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urinary retention, the inability to empty the bladder fully, causes a distended bladder and lower abdominal discomfort (B) due to urine accumulation. Frequency (A) suggests urgency, clear urine (C) is unrelated, and rapid stream (D) contradicts retention, making B the expected finding.