Vital capacity is defined as?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vital capacity (VC) is IRV + Vt + ERV (~4.8 L). All volumes (A) include RV, making TLC (~6 L). Vt + RV (B) is ~1.7 L, not VC. IRV + ERV (C) omits Vt (~3.8 L). D's sum IRV (~3 L), Vt (~0.5 L), ERV (~1.3 L) is max exhale, measurable by spirometry, unlike A's total or B's partial, per lung volume definitions (Q14).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Later airway generations don't increase total resistance (A, false). Resistance (R ∝ 1/r^4) peaks in medium airways (bronchi), not terminal bronchioles total cross-sectional area (~70 m^2) cuts R in alveoli (Q16). Large airways dominate normally (B, true). High R lowers FEV1/FVC (C, true, Q8). Elasticity loss and constriction (D, true) raise R (e.g., COPD, asthma). A's error unlike B's norm misreads airflow dynamics, per physiology.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bloody pleural effusion occurs in pulmonary infarction (A) and post-myocardial infarction (C) thus D (A & C). Infarction from embolism lyses RBCs into pleura; post-MI (e.g., Dressler's syndrome) involves inflammation, bleeding into pleural space. Cholesterol effusion (B) is chronic, crystalline, not bloody. Meig's syndrome (D) ovarian tumor-related causes transudative effusion, rarely hemorrhagic. A and C reflect acute vascular or inflammatory damage, yielding high RBC counts (>10,000/mm³), key in thoracentesis analysis to differentiate malignancy or trauma, guiding chest management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pulmonary infarction (C) embolic necrosis predisposes to lung abscess; tissue death fosters anaerobic infection (e.g., Bacteroides). Pneumococcus type III pneumonia (A) consolidates, rarely necrotizes. Sideroderma (B likely scleroderma misprint) affects vessels, not abscesses. Mitral stenosis (D) causes congestion, not infarction. Regional enteritis (E Crohn's) links to GI, not lungs. Infarction's ischemic damage, often post-embolus, is key in abscess pathogenesis, guiding imaging and antibiotics in chest nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pneumothorax air in pleura links to emphysematous bleb , ruptured subpleural air sacs (e.g., COPD) collapsing lung. Friction rub (A) is pleuritis. CHF (B) causes effusion. Duct rupture (C) is chylothorax. Pseudomonas (D) ties to empyema. Bleb rupture's sudden dyspnea/hyperresonance is key, guiding chest tube insertion in emergency nursing.