Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are all forms of:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are biological entities studied in microbiology, collectively known as microorganisms . They can cause infections, making them relevant to healthcare workers like PSWs who manage infection risks. Infection control measures are practices (e.g., handwashing) to combat these, not the entities themselves. Foot fungi is too narrow, referring only to fungal infections like athlete's foot, not all listed types. Plaque or tartar relates to dental buildup, often microbial but not encompassing viruses or protozoa. Microorganisms is the broad, scientifically accurate term uniting these pathogens, aligning with foundational knowledge in healthcare training and infection prevention, confirming it as the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The inferior vena cava carries oxygen-deprived (deoxygenated) blood from the lower body back to the heart, rich in carbon dioxide after tissue use. The aorta , radial artery , and brachial artery are arteries carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body (except pulmonary arteries). Circulatory physiology, key for PSWs in understanding oxygenation, distinguishes veins like the vena cava for their deoxygenated return, as per standard diagrams, making it the correct choice over arterial options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Decubitus ulcers (pressure sores) result from prolonged pressure on skin, common in immobile clients. Repositioning every two hours relieves pressure, boosting circulation and preventing tissue breakdown, a core PSW task. Applying alcohol dries skin, increasing fragility. Vigorous massage may damage tissue, not prevent sores. 'All of the above' is wrong, as only repositioning is effective. Evidence-based guidelines, like those from NPUAP, prioritize this, making it the correct preventive measure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Dirt and unsafe conditions suggest neglect , a failure to maintain a client's environment, risking health or safety, common in self-neglect or caregiver oversight. Physical abuse involves direct harm, not environmental neglect. Defamation is reputational harm, unrelated. Psychological abuse targets emotions, not physical space. PSWs assess living conditions as neglect indicators, per care standards, making 'Neglect' the correct match for these environmental signs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cleaning order minimizes germ spread. Starting with the bathtub , then sink, and last toilet bowl follows a least-to-most contaminated sequence, per household hygiene principles. Toilet-first risks transferring bacteria. Sink-first options (Choices C, D) may spread sink germs to cleaner areas. PSWs learn this progression to maintain sanitation, especially in care settings, making 'Bathtub, sink, toilet bowl' the correct and logical order.